بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Khartoum University Faculty of Engineering Department of Agricultural and Biological engineering Conceptual Design of Transmission for Small Tractor This is submitted to Khartoum University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of B.SC in Agricultural and Biological Engineering Presented by Ishag Ahmed Shareef Omer Mohammed Zain Ahmed Omer Mustafa Altahir Fadol Murkaz Nadreen Hassan Ahmed Mohammed Under supervision: Dr. Omer Adam Rahama September 2014 1 Acknowledgment First of all there is nothing we could’ve done with out the help of Allah. We want to thank all the people who supported us and helped us with the very best they can do starting from our parents whom support was very precious and helpful. And our supervisor who believed in us and helped us to go through the tough times. And more importantly thanks to our friends from US for their quick response and their helpful information. 2 Contents 1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 5 2 CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Introduction: .................................................................................................................................. 6 3 CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................................... 8 3.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED ................................................................................................... 8 4 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 9 4.1 Literature Review .......................................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Power transmission system and Outlets:- ................................................................................... 12 4.3 Wheels:- ...................................................................................................................................... 15 4.4 Histories:- .................................................................................................................................... 15 1858 – 1919 ......................................................................................................................................... 15 1930 - 1939 ......................................................................................................................................... 16 1940- 1949 .......................................................................................................................................... 16 1950 - 1959 ......................................................................................................................................... 16 1960 - 1969 ......................................................................................................................................... 16 1970 - 1979 ......................................................................................................................................... 16 1980 - 2000 ......................................................................................................................................... 17 4.5 Traction Analysis Equations:- ..................................................................................................... 17 4.6 Equations for Bevel gear:- .......................................................................................................... 21 4.7 Gear Ratios:- ............................................................................................................................... 22 4.8 Equations for Shaft‟s:- ................................................................................................................ 24 4.9 Equations for spring:- ................................................................................................................. 25 5 CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................................... 27 5.1 ANALYSIS OF CHASSIS AND DESIGN TRANSMISSION .................................................. 27 5.2 Chassis Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 27 5.3 DESIGN OF SIMPLE TRANSMISSSION ................................................................................ 32 3 6 CHAPTER FIVE...................................................................................................................................... 42 6.1 MATERIAL MECHANICAL DESIGN ..................................................................................... 42 7 CONCULATION:- .................................................................................................................................. 46 8 Recommendations:- ............................................................................................................................ 48 9 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................. 49 10 References ...................................................................................................................................... 55 4 1 Abstract To estimate the traction efficiency and actual travel speed from ZOZ chart. To estimate the drawbar pull and power of drawbar. The conceptual design simple transmission system for small tractor (gears – shaft – key - bearing - spring). (Sketched in Solid Works). Hopefully the conceptual of design small tractor would be assisting to design it, develop it and generally makes agricultural an attractive profession. 5 2 CHAPTER ONE 2.1 Introduction: In modern agricultural machines are used to reduce the hour of labor required to produce agricultural product. Machines have been developed that enable agricultural producer to increase the number of acres that they manage or operate. Agricultural producer use tractor to operate the equipment that is used to till, plant, fertilize, and harvest crop. Modern tractor range in sizes from 10 to 15 horse power (7.5 to 11 kilowatts) to over 400 horse power (over 300 kilowatts). Grain combines with headers up30 feet (9.1 meter) in width are used to harvest grain and seeds crops. Hay other forage crops can be harvested and stored with modern equipment without any manual handling. Cotton, peanuts, fruits, vegetables, and nut crops are harvested almost entirely by specialized harvesting equipment. The development of the machines used in modern agriculture has brought new demand in farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural workers. They must be familiar energy and mechanical forces and have mechanical skills. It is important that they be able to select machines for specific jobs and know how to safely operate, maintain, and repair them. There is a great demand for persons to manufacture, sell, and service the machine used in agricultural production. This is an important part of the power and machinery industry. It includes the equipment and tractor companies, the farm equipment and supply dealers, the independent repair and maintenance shops, the research and development centers, and all other service that are necessary to support production a gricultural‟s needs for machines and equipment. Our constantly expanding population has required and will continue to demand an ever increasing agricultural production of food and fibers. Some of the increased production that has 6 been realized during the past century must be credited to advances in non-engineering phases in agricultural technology such as better crop varieties, the more effective use of fertilizers and pesticides, and improved cultural practices. A major factor, however, has been the increased utilization of nonhuman energy and of more effective machines and implement. Objectives of the foundation of this project is to design a small tractor helps small farmers owning appointed by the mechanics at work in there a small farm fit, small, and limited income. Our group that will take care of the design and development of agricultural machinery in Sudan beginning of this project, which we ask god that we have the best start for the development of agriculture in Sudan. We thank the department of agricultural engineering at the University of Khartoum on their best effort in order to promote agricultural and subdivision (agricultural revival) and especially thank Dr. Omer Adam Rahama of the division of design and supervisor of this project and wish them health and wellness. 7 3 CHAPTER TWO 3.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED 3.1.1.1 Types of problems encountered: The student approaching the subject of farm machinery engineering might well considered the types of problems most frequently encountered in this field, together with the general methods ordinarily employed in pursuing these problems. Although the variety of the problems that might be encountered is wide, most of them can be grouped into the following general classification. 1- Development of new type of machine. 2- Improvement of a machine, development of a new model similar to existing machines, or design changes to reduce the manufacturing cost of a machine. 3- Comparative