AphasiaAphasia HandbookHandbook Alfredo Ardila Florida International University 2014 Aphasia Handbook 2 To my professor and friend Alexander R. Luria With inmense gratitude Alfredo Ardila Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders Florida International University Miami, Florida, USA [email protected]; [email protected] Aphasia Handbook 3 Content Preface .................................................................................................................... 9 I. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 1. History of aphasia ............................................................................................ 11 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 11 Pre-classical Period (until 1861) ....................................................................... 11 Classical Period (1861-1945) ............................................................................. 14 Modern Period (until the 1970s) ......................................................................... 18 Contemporary Period (since the 1970s) ............................................................ 24 Summary ............................................................................................................ 26 Recommended readings .................................................................................... 26 References ......................................................................................................... 26 2. Aphasia etiologies .......................................................................................... 29 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 29 Vascular disorders ............................................................................................. 30 Types of CVA .............................................................................................. 34 Traumatic brain injury ........................................................................................ 35 Types of TBI ............................................................................................... 36 Speech and language characteristics ......................................................... 38 Neoplasms ......................................................................................................... 38 Infections ............................................................................................................ 40 Degenerative conditions .................................................................................... 41 Alzheimer’s disease .................................................................................... 41 Progressive aphasia .................................................................................... 43 Other degenerative conditions .................................................................... 44 Summary ............................................................................................................ 44 Recommended readings .................................................................................... 44 References ......................................................................................................... 45 3. Linguistic analysis of aphasia ........................................................................ 46 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 46 Levels of analysis of the language ..................................................................... 46 Phonetic ...................................................................................................... 47 Phonemic .................................................................................................... 48 Morphemic .................................................................................................. 49 Morphosyntactic .......................................................................................... 50 Semantic ..................................................................................................... 50 Aphasia Handbook 4 Pragmatic .................................................................................................... 52 Linguistic defects in aphasia .............................................................................. 52 Levels of the language impaired in different aphasias ................................ 52 Language deviations ................................................................................... 53 Repetition .................................................................................................... 55 Naming ........................................................................................................ 56 A linguistic interpretation of aphasias ................................................................ 56 Summary ............................................................................................................ 57 Recommended readings .................................................................................... 58 References ......................................................................................................... 58 II. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 4. The major aphasic syndromes: Wernicke’s aphasia and Broca’s aphasia 60 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 60 Wernicke;s aphasia ........................................................................................... 61 Broca’s aphasia ................................................................................................. 66 Summary ............................................................................................................ 71 Recommended readings .................................................................................... 72 References ......................................................................................................... 72 5. Other aphasic syndromes ............................................................................... 76 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 76 Conduction aphasia ........................................................................................... 76 Extrasylvian (transcortical) sensory aphasia ...................................................... 81 Extrasylvian (transcortical) motor aphasia (“dysexecutive aphasia’’) ................ 85 Mixed extrasylvian (transcortical) aphasia ......................................................... 87 Supplementary motor area (SMA) aphasia ....................................................... 89 Subcortical aphasia ............................................................................................ 92 Global aphasia ................................................................................................... 94 Summary ............................................................................................................ 95 Recommended readings .................................................................................... 96 References ......................................................................................................... 96 6. Alexia .............................................................................................................. 102 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 102 Classical alexia subtypes ................................................................................ 104 Alexia without agraphia ............................................................................. 104 Alexia with agraphia .................................................................................. 106 Frontal alexia ............................................................................................. 106 Spatial alexia ............................................................................................. 106 Psycholinguistic models of alexias (dyslexias) ................................................ 109 Phonological alexia ................................................................................... 109 Surface alexia ........................................................................................... 110 Aphasia Handbook 5 Deep alexia ............................................................................................... 110 Attentional alexia ....................................................................................... 111 Other alexias ................................................................................................... 112 Aphasic alexia ........................................................................................... 112 Hemialexia ................................................................................................ 113 Alexia in phonological and logographic writing systems ........................... 113 Some special forms of alexia .................................................................... 114 Summary ......................................................................................................... 114 Recommended readings .................................................................................