GENDERED INNOVATIONS 2: How Inclusive Analysis Contributes to Research and Innovation Policy Review Research and Innovation Gendered Innovations 2: How inclusive analysis contributes to research and innovation European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation Directorate E — PEOPLE Unit E.5 — Democracy and European Values Contact Mina Stareva, Head of Sector E5.001 - Gender Anne Pépin, Unit E5.001 Email [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels Printed by [Xxx] in [Country] Manuscript completed in July 2020. This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission is not liable for any consequence stemming from the reuse of this publication. More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu) Print ISBN 978-92-76-16417-3 doi:10.2777/53572 KI-03-20-108-EN-C PDF ISBN 978-92-76-16416-6 doi:10.2777/316197 KI-03-20-108-EN-N Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 © European Union, 2020 The reuse policy of European Commission documents is implemented based on Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Except otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. For any use or reproduction of elements that are not owned by the European Union, permission may need to be sought directly from the respective rightholders. EUROPEAN COMMISSION Gendered Innovations 2: How Inclusive Analysis Contributes to Research and Innovation H2020 Expert Group to update and expand “Gendered Innovations/ Innovation through Gender” Chairperson: Londa Schiebinger Rapporteur: Ineke Klinge Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2020 PEOPLE Directorate, Gender Sector 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ........................................................................................................5 Executive Summary .......................................................................................7 1. List of Case Studies .........................................................................................................10 2. Terms .......................................................................................................................................11 Sex .................................................................................................................... 11 Gender .............................................................................................................. 14 Intersectionality ........................................................................................... 17 3. List of methods ..................................................................................................................18 4. Abstracts of the 15 case studies .............................................................................20 Health ......................................................................................................................................20 Climate change, energy and agriculture ..................................................................23 Urban planning, transport ..............................................................................................26 Information and communication technology (artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics) ...........................................................................................29 Finance, taxation and economics ................................................................................32 Ad hoc case study: coronavirus ...................................................................................34 5. Policy recommendations for Horizon Europe ....................................................36 6. Members of the expert group ....................................................................................52 ANNEXES ......................................................................................................... 55 Annex A – Fifteen full case studies ...............................................................................56 Health ......................................................................................................................................56 Climate change, energy and agriculture ..................................................................82 Urban planning, transport ........................................................................................... 114 Information and communication technology (artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics) ........................................................................................ 136 Finance, taxation and economics ............................................................................. 157 Ad hoc case study: coronavirus ................................................................................ 170 Annex B – Detailed methods .........................................................................................179 General methods ............................................................................................................. 179 Analysing sex ...........................................................................................................................179 Analysing gender ...................................................................................................................181 Intersectional approaches ................................................................................................184 Co-creation and participatory research ....................................................................189 Asking about gender and sex in surveys .................................................................192 4 Field-specific methods .................................................................................................. 195 Health and biomedicine ................................................................................................ 195 Analysing gender in health and biomedicine ........................................................195 Analysing sex in tissues and cells ................................................................................202 Analysing sex in lab animal research ........................................................................206 Analysing sex in biomedicine .........................................................................................215 Information and communication technologies .................................................. 220 Analysing gender and intersectionality in machine learning ........................220 Analysing gender and intersectionality in social robotics ..............................224 Climate change................................................................................................................. 228 Analysing sex in hermaphroditic species .................................................................228 Urban planning/transportation.................................................................................. 232 Gender impact assessment .............................................................................................232 Innovation ........................................................................................................................... 236 Norm-critical innovation....................................................................................................236 5 FOREWORD The COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 has caused © European Union a major disruption in our global system. In many ways, the pandemic and the political measures taken to contain the spread of the virus have revealed gender inequalities and the importance of investigating sex and gender differences. While worldwide statistics suggest similar infection rates for men and women, a significantly higher proportion of men than women succumb to the disease across groups of similar age, and an increasing body of research is putting forward biological differences between the sexes, in particular relating to immune responses. At the same time, women are more exposed to the virus due to their disproportionate representation among healthcare workers. They are also being more severely affected than men by the economic and social consequences of the pandemic, due to their overwhelming role as care and education providers within households and their larger proportion among non-salaried, self- employed, part-time and precarious employees. Furthermore, they have fallen victim to a surge in gender-based and domestic violence, observed across the EU and worldwide. This report includes a recent case study on the impact of sex and gender in the COVID-19 pandemic, detailing findings that can inform a post- pandemic recovery strategy that is truly inclusive and leaves no one behind. Taking into account the gender dimension – that is, ensuring that the biological characteristics as well as the social and cultural features, behaviours and needs of both women and men are taken into consideration – is vital for the societal relevance and quality of research and innovation (R & I). Integrating