Non-Timber Forest Products of East Kalimantan Potentials for sustainable forest use Non-Timber Forest Products of East Kalimantan - Potentials forsustainable forest use J.L.C.H. van Valkenburg (Tropenbos series 16) ISSN 1383-68 11 ISBN 90-51 13-030-9 © 1997 Stichting Tropenbos No part of this publication, apart from bibliographic data and brief quotations in critical reviews, may be reproduced, re-recorded or published in any form including print photocopy, microform, electronic or electromagnetic record without written permission. Cover design Diamond Communications, Ede, the Netherlands Cover photo (inset) Fruit-stall at the Samarinda market (photo by J.L.C.H. van Valkenburg) Printed by GrafischeVormgeving Kanters, Kinderdijk, the Netherlands Distribution Backhuys Publishers, P. 0. Box 321, 2300 AH Leiden, the Netherlands Non-Timber Forest Products of East Kalimantan Potentials for sustainable forest use PROEFSCHRIFf TER VERKRJJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR AAN DE RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT TE LEIDEN, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS DR. W.A. WAGENAAR, HOOGLERAAR IN DE FACULTEIT DER SOCIALE WE TENSCH APPEN, VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN HET COLLEGE VAN DEKANEN TE VERDEDIGEN OP WOENSD AG 5 FEB RUARJ 1997 TE KLOKKE 14.15 UUR DOOR JOHANNES LEONARDUS CORNELIS HENDRIKUS VAN V ALKENBURG geboren te Breda in 1964 PROMOTIECOMMISSlE: Promotor: Prof. dr. P. Baas Co-promotor: Dr. P. Ketner (LUW, Wageningen) Referent: Prof. dr. R. Kiew (UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia) Overige leden : Prof. dr. C. Kalkman Prof. dr. E. van der Meijden Prof. dr. H.A. Udo de Haes Non-Timber Forest Products of East Kalimantan Potentials for sustainable forest use J. L. C. H. van Valkenburg The Tropenbos Foundation Wageningen, The Netherlands 1997 TROPENBOS SERIES The Tropenbos Series presents the results of studies and research activities related to the conservation and wise utilization of fo rest lands in the humid tropics. The series continues and integrates the former Tropenbos Scientific and Te chnical Series. The studies published in this series have been carried out within the international Tropen­ bos programme. Occasionally, this series may present the results of other studies which contribute to the objectives of the Tropenbos programme. ISSN 1383- 6811 Stichting Tropenbos TROPENBOS Wageningen � The Netherlands Balai Penelitian Kehutanan Samarinda (Forestry Research Institute Samarinda) Indonesia Rijksherbarium I Hortus Botanicus Leiden The Netherlands CONTENTS Summary .............................................................................................................................................................. Ringkasan (Ind on esian summary) ............................................................................................................ 4 I. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 7 2. Vegetation and description of the study sites .................................................................. 11 2.1. Intr oducti on .......................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2. Descripti on of the study sites ........................................................................................................ 13 2.2.1. Wanariset forest ..................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.2. P.T. ITCI concessi on ............................................................................................................ 14 2.2.3. Ap oKayan ............................................................................................................................... 15 2.3. Met hods ................................................................................................................................................. 16 2.3.1. Data analysis ........................................................................................................................... 17 2.4. Results 17 2.4.1. General aspects of the vegetati on ................................................................................... 17 2.4.2. Stand st ructure ........................................................................................................................ 18 2.4.3. Fa mily comp ositi on .............................................................................................................. 20 2.4.4. Genus comp ositi on ............................................................................................................... 21 2.4.5. Species comp ositi on ............................................................................................................ 23 2.5. Discussi on ............................................................................................................................................ 26 2.5.1. Comparis on of basal area and tree density ................................................................. 27 2.5.2. Botanical diversity ................................................................................................................ 28 2.5.3. Imp ortance of fam ilies ............................................................................................... ......... 29 2.5.4. Imp ortance of genera ........................................................................................................... 31 2.5.5. Im portance of species .......................................................................................................... 33 Appendices ..................................................................................................................................................... 35 3. Species yielding Non-Timber Forest Products and their abundance ........... 49 3.1. Intr oducti on .......................................................................................................................................... 49 3.2. Met hods ................................................................................................................................................. 49 3.3. Results 51 3.3.1. Species comp ositi on ............................................................................................................ 51 3.3.2. Imp ortance ofth e vari ous NTFP .................................................................................... 53 3.3.3. Comparis on of Kenyah and PROSEA classi ficati on ............................................... 53 3.3.4. Gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) collecting in the Ap oKayan ........................................... 55 3.4. Discussi on ............................................................................................................................................ 56 4. Indigenous fruits and edible nuts ............................................................................................. 61 4.1. In tr oducti on ......................................................................................................................................... 61 4.2. Me thods ................................................................................................................................................. 61 4.3 Results ................................................................................................................................................. 63 4.3.1. Primary and sec on dary forests at the research sites ............................................... 63 4.3.2. Home gardens ......................................................................................................................... 63 Long Sungai Barang (Ap oKayan) ................................................................. ........ 63 Benung (Bar ong Tongk ok area) ................................................................... ............ 65 The vicinity of Samarinda .......................................................................................... 66 4.3.3. Samarinda market ........ ..... ........ .......... ...... ...... ........ ..... ... ...... .... ... ....... .... ..... ........... ...... ........ 66 Ty pe s of fruit stalls in the market ........ ....... ....... ..... ..... ..... ..... ................... ....... ..... ... 66 Fruits on sale outside the big markets .. .............. .................................... ..... ....... ... 66 Descri pt ion ofma jor species on sale ............ ..................................... ...... ........ ....... 68 Descri ption ofminor species on sale .... ...... ........ .......... ..... .... .......... .......... ............ 78 Seasonality and pe riodicity of su pply ....... .... ...... ..... ..... .. .... ..... ... ..... ... ... ........... ... .. 82 Places of origin ...... ..... ...... ...... ......... ....... ........ ...... .. ...... ..... ... ...... ....... .... ....... .......... .... ... .. 84 Market census ofvolume on sale in Samarinda ... ...... .... ..... ..... .................... ..... 84 Tem po rary fruit stalls along the Ma hakam river ............................. .. ........ .... ... 85 4.4. Discussion .... ....... .................. ............ ......... ........ ... .......................... .............. .................... .. .. .... .... .... ... 87 4.4. l. Species com position ..... .................. ..... ..... ......... ....... ............ ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ........ ..... ... ...... 87 4.4.2. Seasonality and pe riodicity