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W0 , _ :■>- > NT\V ^ „ o.X cfv \ O plj ^ ,* aY*' * OS 0 ’ x# _ * 8 , x * A0 s * » , ^ ^ 5 N 0 \\ ^ H %& * M&k- *** ^ ' 'XW* »// ' S J' 'i. * "7" tS 'VS > x V ^ c, ,\\x‘' ° V % aV ^ 4? ^ J0 * X * ^0 <^ J * * K ■» A0' „ s c « > . ° 00* .c^ ■», ^ c • ' M?tvf/y^ f ^ <S>vo\lrW ^ * ^ ''<1 V^ X°°<. :*■*: a ++ - ^ ^ 0 o ',^^v ^ %*&***:'*.& , «> r ^'\s,. ,/V —’ v^',-"'.v->.**vv - ^A) r' ^ ^ * TP V\N> » rK\'^ A, O ; ,^v ^ ; * ./% '.,W* D y v^"’;; /°'.. ” ; ,\F * v,^ <<• 0 * ■<>'» a 41 - V ,>v ' ^ '■*7*jT'^>a , 1 0 » *3,^' 0 N c „ y' * “ aN ^ & ON c „ <, o. -0 c < ** " (V < . ^^ .A6 x' A n'^.. x x0ox- >° 4..rv*#;%V’ v , > \ C*jy ^ v' \ ,J'>. r--~ v - <■■ c,^ c V AUGUSTUS. Bust in the Museum of Fine Arts. Boston. A HISTORY OF ROMAN LITERATURE BY HAROLD N. FOWLER, PhD. PROFESSOR IN THE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN OF WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY J15eto got* THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1923 All rights reserved cof>Y PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA PA koo4 •Ft, I <? &3 Copy' Copyright, 1903 and 1923, V ./ By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. © Cl A696686 MAR-7’23 < n\ o PREFACE This book is intended primarily for use as a text-book in schools and colleges. I have therefore given more dates and more details about the lives of authors than are in themselves important, because dates are convenient aids to memory, as they enable the learner to connect his new knowledge with historical facts he may have learned be¬ fore, while biographical details help to endow authors with something of concrete personality, to which the learner can attach what he learns of their literary and intellectual activity. Extracts from Latin authors are given, with few excep¬ tions, in English translation. I considered the advisability of giving them in Latin, but concluded that extracts in Latin would probably not be read by most young readers, and would therefore do less good than even imperfect translations. Moreover, the texts of the most important works are sure to be at hand in the schools, and books of selections, such as Cruttwell and Banton’s Specimens of Roman Literature, Tyrrell’s Anthology of Latin Poetry, and Gudeman’s Latin Literature of the Empire, are readily accessible. I am responsible for all translations not ac¬ credited to some other translator. In making my trans¬ lations, I have employed blank verse to represent Latin hexameters ; but the selections from the JZneid are given in Conington’s rhymed version, and in some other cases I have used translations of hexameters into metres other than blank verse. v yi ROMAN LITERATURE In writing of the origin of Roman comedy, I have not mentioned the dramatic satura. Prof. George L. Hen¬ drickson has pointed out (in the American Journal of Philology, vol. xv, pp. 1-30) that the dramatic satura never really existed, but was invented in Roman literary history because Aristotle, whose account of the origin of comedy was closely followed by the Roman writers, found the origin of Greek comedy in the satyr-drama. The greater part of the hook is naturally taken up with the extant literary works and their authors; but I have devoted some space to the lives and works of authors whose writings are lost. This I have done, not because I believe that the reader should burden his memory with useless details, but partly in order that this book may be of use as a book of reference, and partly because the men¬ tion of some of the lost works and their authors may im¬ press upon the reader the fact that something is known of many writers whose works have survived, if at all, only in detached fragments. Not a few of these writers were im¬ portant in their day, and exercised no little influence upon the progress of literature. Of the whole mass of Roman literary production only a small part—though fortunately in great measure the best part—now exists, and it is only by remembering how much has been lost that the modern reader can appreciate the continuity of Roman literature. The literature of the third, fourth, and fifth centuries after Christ is treated less fully than that of the earlier times, but its importance to later European civilization has been so great that a summary treatment of it should be included even in a book of such limited scope as this. The Bibliography will, I hope, be found useful. It is by no means exhaustive, but may serve as a guide to those who have not access to libraries. The purpose of the Chronological Table is not so much to serve as a finding- list of dates as to show at a glance what authors were liv¬ ing and working at any given time. In the Index the PREFACE vii names of all Latin writers mentioned in the book are to be found, together with references to numerous topics and to some of the more important historical persons. Besides the works of the Roman authors, I have con¬ sulted the general works mentioned in the Bibliography and numerous other books and special articles. 1 have made most use of Teuffel’s History of Roman Literature, Schanz’s Romische Litteraturgeschiclite, and Mackail’s ad¬ mirable Latin Literature. My thanks are due to my colleague, Prof. Samuel Ball Platner, who read the book in manuscript and made many valuable suggestions, and to Professor Perrin, who read not only the manuscript, but also the proof, and suggested not a few desirable changes. Harold N. Fowler. Cleveland, Ohio. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION This is little more than a reprint of the first edition, the chief change being in the Bibliography which has, I hope, been in some measure brought up to date. In the text only a few minor corrections have been made. H. N. F. * CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I.—Introduction—Early Roman literature—Tragedy 1 II.—Comedy.17 III. —Early prose—The Scipionic circle—Lucilius . 32 IV. —Lucretius.47 V.—Catullus—Minor poets.56 VI.—Cicero.65 LVII.—Caesar—Sallust—Other prose writers ... 83 VIII.—The patrons of literature—Virgil .... 97 IX.—Horace.114 X.—Tibullus—Propertius—The lesser poets . 128 XI.—Ovid.143 XII.—Livy—Other Augustan prose writers . 156 W - XIII. —Tiberius to Vespasian.169 XIV. —The Flavian emperors—The silver age . 194 XV.—Nerva and Trajan . 211 XVI.—The emperors after Trajan—Suetonius—Other writers.226 XVII.—Literary innovations.235 XVIII.—Early Christian writers.244 XIX.—Pagan literature of the third century . 253 XX.—The fourth and fifth centuries .... 259 XXI.—Conclusion.278 Appendix I.—Bibliography.285 Appendix II.—Chronological table.297 Index.303 list of illustrations riCIKO PAGE Augustus, bust in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Frontispiece Cicero, bust in the Vatican Museum, Rome .... 65 C^sar, bust in the Museum at Naples..83 Virgil and two Muses, mosaic in the Bardo Museum, Tunis . 113 IX BOOK I THE PERIOD OF THE REPUBLIC CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION-EARLY ROMAN LITERATURE-TRAGEDY Importance of Roman literature—The Romans a practical people —The Latin language—Political purpose of Roman writings— Divisions of Roman literature—Elements of a native Roman litera¬ ture—Appius Claudius Caecus—Imitation of Greek literature—L. Livius Andronicus, about 284 to about 204 b. c.—Gnaeus Naevius, about 270-199 b. c.—Q. Ennius, 239-169 b. c.—His Tragedies— The Annales—M. Pacuvius, 220 to about 130 b. c.—L. Accius, 170 to after 100 b. c.—The Decay of Tragedy—The Roman theatre, actors and costumes. Roman literature, while it lacks the brilliant originality and the delicate beauty which characterize the works of Importance the great Greek writers, is still one of the of Roman great literatures of the world, and it possesses literature.