Journal of Systematics and Evolution wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jse J S E J S E Journal of Systematics and Evolution Journal of Systematics and Evolution Volume 53 Number 2 March 2015 N D I N O I D E A E A R U I C R A I R O I M D E A E D A N T H O N I O I E D Andropogoninae Arundineae E Mi r A i a ieae E Molinieae INVITED REVIEW craire C Anthistiriinae c H h L Saccharinae n O 117 Robert J. Soreng, Paul M. Peterson, Konstantin Romaschenko, Gerrit Davidse, Fernando O. Zuloaga, Emmet J. Judziewicz, Germainiinae S R Rottboell org e I a a D Tarciso S. Filgueiras, Jerrold I. Davis, and Osvaldo Morrone A worldwide phylogenetic classifi cation of the Poaceae (Gramineae) e Ischaeminae hinae e O Isachneae tteinae Hubbard Danthonieae nae I Centropodieae Triraphideae D Dimeriinae Co E ii Uniolinae Chio nae Volume 53 Volume Number 2 March 2015 Pages 117–202 Eragrostidinae robolinae A RESEARCH ARTICLE ae Coicina e Eragr Zoysiinae E a E na e Spo 138 Robert J. Soreng, Lynn J. Gillespie, Hidehisa Koba, Ekaterina Boudko, and Roger D. Bull Molecular and morphological A Tripsacinaec n Zoy Aeluropodi ininae Arthraxoninaehnin o riodiin E Arundinelleae g T iinae evidence for a new grass genus, Dupontiopsis (Poaceae tribe Poeae subtribe Poinae s.l.), endemic to alpine Japan, and implications for e o ae D a p Eleus n I Arthropogoninae e o Orcutt ae the reticulate origin of Dupontia and Arctophila within Poinae s.l. r n nae O d Gouinii C Otachyrii n I C Ctenii goninae A y LETTER TO THE EDITOR N Trichoneurinopo P nae n m A aspalina o Gy l 163 Wei-Ning Bai and Da-Yong Zhang Small effective population size in microrefugia? P d P a Farragininaedinae anicinae e p o oti s Melinidinae a n Per P t nae RESEARCH ARTICLES Cench e Tripogoninae rin e Neurachninaeae a Pappophori 166 Xiao-Qin Wu, Pei-Xing Li, Xiao-Fang Deng, and Dian-Xiang Zhang Distyly and cryptic heteromorphic self-incompatibility a e Dichan e Traginae in Mussaenda macrophylla (Rubiaceae) thelini c nae nae ilarii i H 179 Xiao-Qin Li, Qin Zuo, Min Li, Si He, Yu Jia, and You-Fang Wang Phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation among the Boivinellin iinae ae n lenberg Anthep Muh a horinae taxa with propagula in Pseudotaxiphyllum (Plagiotheciaceae, Bryophyta) Scleropogoninae P Gynerieae 191 Xin-Bo Zhang, Xiang-Ming Ma, Bai-Yun Wang, Xiang-Hui Ma, and Zhi-Wen Wang Selective pressure on synonymous codon Joinvillea Boutelouinae Cyperochloeae Ecdeiocolea usage in mammalian protein-encoding genes PACMAD Monanthochloinae E Thysanolaeneae 196 Gao Chen, Wei-Chang Gong, Jia Ge, Yang Niu, Xin Zhang, Bruce L. Dunn, and Wei-Bang Sun Comparison of fl oral properties A Strep E Centotheceae tochaeteae E and breeding system in dimorphic Buddleja delavayi (Scrophulariaceae) Anomo D chloe A ae I P h are a E Steyermarkochloeae BOP e O Guaduellieae Tristachyideae E D D Puel Atractocarpeae I Zeugiteae A I E O E T thieae Streptogyneae A E O S h D Chasman rhart I E I L Aristideae Phyllorachideaeeae E R D O H Zizaniinae I Ory A A Scolochloinae R C Loliinae Oryzinae E O A I O Arundinariinae D Sesleriinae L H C I M Buergersiochloinae h Oly E P P O O lo ylidinae arianinae Ammochloinae U r O Z o Dact lyr N p C inae Y P e husqueinae A la liinae a Cynosurinae P o e a e e Arthrostylidiin E R s inae s Cover illustration: New phylotaxonomy of grasses, includes 12 subfamilies (Anomochlooideae, Pharoideae, and t u Guad A G b O ParaphoHolc E ro e m Bambusinae a Racemobambosinae D Puelioideae forming the basal lineages; Oryzoideae, Bambusoideae, and Pooideae forming the BOP clade; and u Poinae B uinae p liina H I 2 Mi e Melo ickeliinae ae irinae O Aristidoideae, Panicoideae, Arundinoideae, Micraioideae, Danthonioideae, and Chloridoideae forming the (P A S o ae B ea in Lygeeaerachyel canninae U PACMAD clade), 51 tribes, and 80 subtribes evolving clockwise. Triangles are proportional in height to e Nardea B eanthina Trit Phaenospermateae Brylkinieae M rostid Meliceae Col Stipeae Amp nae Diar Brachyp A the size of the taxon. See Soreng et al., pp. 117–137 in this issue. Ag Brizinae nae hi ytreae B inae nae nae C Calothecinae Aveninae e ei h rheneae elodesmea l d o oxant ritici r. r G T r. 1 Phalaridi (A Ho v Anth odieae en Bromeae a orreyochlo e ty pe) T Littledaleeae e P O O I D E A E ISSN 1674-4918 Volume 53 Number 2 March 2015 CN 11-5779/Q JJSE_53(2)_Cover4_1.inddSE_53(2)_Cover4_1.indd 1 119/03/159/03/15 99:52:52 AAMM Journal of Systematics JSE and Evolution doi: 10.1111/jse.12150 Invited Review A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) Robert J. Soreng1, Paul M. Peterson1*, Konstantin Romaschenko1, Gerrit Davidse2, Fernando O. Zuloaga3, Emmet J. Judziewicz4, Tarciso S. Filgueiras5, Jerrold I. Davis6, and Osvaldo Morrone3,7 1Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA 2Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA 3Instituto de Botanica Darwinion, Labarden 200, San Isidro B1642HYD, Buenos Aires, Argentina 4Department of Biology and Museum of Natural History, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, WI 54481, USA 5Instituto de Botanica,^ Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, Avenida Miguel Stefano 3687, Agua Funda, S~ao Paulo CEP, 04301-902, Brazil 6Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, 412 Mann Library Building, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA 7Deceased *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel.: 1-202-633-0975. Fax: 1-202-786-2653. Received 5 February 2015; Accepted 25 February 2015; Article first published online 23 March 2015 Abstract Based on recent molecular and morphological studies we present a modern worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Æ 12074 grasses and place the 771 grass genera into 12 subfamilies (Anomochlooideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, Bambusoideae, Chloridoideae, Danthonioideae, Micraioideae, Oryzoideae, Panicoi- deae, Pharoideae, Puelioideae, and Pooideae), 6 supertribes (Andropogonodae, Arundinarodae, Bambusodae, Panicodae, Poodae, Triticodae), 51 tribes (Ampelodesmeae, Andropogoneae, Anomochloeae, Aristideae, Arundinarieae, Arundineae, Arundinelleae, Atractocarpeae, Bambuseae, Brachyelytreae, Brachypodieae, Bromeae, Brylkinieae, Centotheceae, Centropodieae, Chasmanthieae, Cynodonteae, Cyperochloeae, Danthonieae, Diarrhe- neae, Ehrharteae, Eragrostideae, Eriachneae, Guaduellieae, Gynerieae, Hubbardieae, Isachneae, Littledaleeae, Lygeeae, Meliceae, Micraireae, Molinieae, Nardeae, Olyreae, Oryzeae, Paniceae, Paspaleae, Phaenospermateae, Phareae, Phyllorachideae, Poeae, Steyermarkochloeae, Stipeae, Streptochaeteae, Streptogyneae, Thysanolaeneae, Triraphideae, Tristachyideae, Triticeae, Zeugiteae, and Zoysieae), and 80 subtribes (Aeluropodinae, Agrostidinae, Airinae, Ammochloinae, Andropogoninae, Anthephorinae, Anthistiriinae, Anthoxanthinae, Arthraxoninae, Arthro- pogoninae, Arthrostylidiinae, Arundinariinae, Aveninae, Bambusinae, Boivinellinae, Boutelouinae, Brizinae, Buergersiochloinae, Calothecinae, Cenchrinae, Chionachninae, Chusqueinae, Coicinae, Coleanthinae, Cotteinae, Cteniinae, Cynosurinae, Dactylidinae, Dichantheliinae, Dimeriinae, Duthieinae, Eleusininae, Eragrostidinae, Farragininae, Germainiinae, Gouiniinae, Guaduinae, Gymnopogoninae, Hickeliinae, Hilariinae, Holcinae, Hordeinae, Ischaeminae, Loliinae, Melinidinae, Melocanninae, Miliinae, Monanthochloinae, Muhlenbergiinae, Neurachninae, Olyrinae, Orcuttiinae, Oryzinae, Otachyriinae, Panicinae, Pappophorinae, Parapholiinae, Parianinae, Paspalinae, Perotidinae, Phalaridinae, Poinae, Racemobambosinae, Rottboelliinae, Saccharinae, Scleropogoninae, Scolochloi- nae, Sesleriinae, Sorghinae, Sporobolinae, Torreyochloinae, Traginae, Trichoneurinae, Triodiinae, Tripogoninae, Tripsacinae, Triticinae, Unioliinae, Zizaniinae, and Zoysiinae). In addition, we include a radial tree illustrating the hierarchical relationships among the subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. We use the subfamilial name, Oryzoideae, over Ehrhartoideae because the latter was initially published as a misplaced rank, and we circumscribe Molinieae to include 13 Arundinoideae genera. The subtribe Calothecinae is newly described and the tribe Littledaleeae is new at that rank. Key words: classification, DNA, Gramineae, grasses, morphology, phylogeny, Poaceae, subfamily, subtribe, tribe. In 1991, most of the authors of this paper attended the 42nd Ehrhartoideae, and Pharoideae was published (Judziewicz American Institute of Biological Sciences Annual Meeting in et al., 2000). Subsequently, the Chloridoideae (Peterson et al., San Antonio, Texas to discuss the possibility of creating a large 2001), Pooideae (Soreng et al., 2003), and the Panicoideae, digital database that would include nomenclature, taxonomy, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae (Zuloaga synonymy, original publications, type collections, secondary et al., 2003) were printed. Within each of these, provisional references using accepted names, and distribution by country but now woefully out of date treatments, we included our of all New World grasses. Nine years later the first hard copy best estimate of the generic classification of the tribes and treatment of subfamilies Anomochlooideae, Bambusoideae, subtribes for each subfamily. The online database for the March 2015 | Volume 53 | Issue 2 | 117–137 © 2015 Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences 118 Soreng et al. classification of New World grasses was first posted as a Peterson et al. (2010a, 2014c). A radial phylogenetic tree separate file in Tropicos in 2005. Since that time it has been produced in FigTree version 1.4.2