Energy Conversion and Management 72 (2013) 103–110 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Energy Conversion and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enconman Current status of wind energy and wind energy policy in Turkey ⇑ B. Yaniktepe a, , M.M. Savrun a, T. Koroglu b a Energy Systems Engineering Department, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey b Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey article info abstract Article history: Over the past decades, the importance of renewable and sustainable energy resources has increased in Available online 15 April 2013 the world due to both the rapid increase in energy demand and disadvantages of the fossil fuels. Many countries, such as Turkey, aim to increase the use of renewable and sustainable energy sources with dif- Keywords: ferent incentive mechanisms. In parallel with these incentive methods being implemented, wind energy Policy capacity in Turkey has a remarkable increase in the growing rates of renewable energy sources according Renewable energy to installed wind power. Up to now, several wind power projects have been developed at different Turkey regions of Turkey. Wind energy This paper aims to analyze the potential and development of wind energy systems in Turkey. Besides, the current usage and development of wind power installations have been explored for the World and Turkey in detail at the end of the 2011. Furthermore, this study also presents tax exemption, support, and incentive mechanisms to develop new wind energy investments in Turkey. Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction ingly recognize the potential role of wind power as part of the country’s future energy. Thus, the investment of wind energy as Over the past several years, energy has become the keyword in a renewable energy source has been carried out rapidly in the the national and international economical development and sus- World and Turkey. Growing concern about emissions from fossil tainability of all countries as in Turkey. Energy is essential to most fuel generation has increased government support, and higher economic activities. Industrialized economies rely on commercial costs for fossil fuels have helped wind power capacity in the Tur- energy to transport goods and people, to heat homes and offices, key to grow substantially over the last decade [3–5]. to power engines and appliances, and to run shops and factories Wind power is available from the kinetic energy of the mass of [1]. Nowadays, particularly renewable energy sources have been moving air. A wind energy system transforms the kinetic energy of becoming important for the World due to both energy dependency the wind into mechanical or electrical energy that can be har- and disadvantages of the fossil fuels. Advancing renewable energy nessed for practical use. Wind electricity generation systems con- development is the effective approach to address energy security vert wind energy into electricity by means of wind turbines. and climate change. Currently, the US, Japan, Brazil and other some Furthermore, it can also be used for many other purposes such as countries have listed development of renewable energy as an pumping, grinding grain, sawing, pushing a sailboat and the like. important strategy for the future [2]. Renewable energy which Wind electric turbines generate electricity for homes and busi- stems from natural sources such as sun light, wind, wave, water nesses and for sale to utilities [6]. and geothermal heat sustains itself. Renewable energy is derived Wind energy has many advantages, such as low cost, cleanli- from resources which, for all practical purposes, cannot be de- ness, and abundance in everywhere in the world. All forms of en- pleted and also produce fewer pollutants. Renewable energy ergy production have an environmental impact; however, the sources offer a lot of environmental and economical benefits in impacts of wind energy are low, local, and manageable. These envi- contrast to conventional energy sources. Therefore, this makes ronmental impacts are negligible when compared with conven- renewable energy fundamentally different from fossil fuels and it tional energy sources. Wind energy is also known as a renewable has prompted many countries, including Turkey, to promote its and environmentally friendly energy source [3]. Moreover, it is use through incentive and subsidy schemes. In addition, fuelled the cheapest form of renewable energy, which encourages invest- by preparations for joining the European Union and the approval ment. It also creates benefits in terms of employment, investment, of the Kyoto Protocol as an Annex I country, policy makers increas- research, economic activity, and energy independence in the elec- tricity sector [7]. Recently, the electric energy consumption in Turkey has been ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 3288251818/3550; fax: +90 3288250097. increasing very fast due to the development of industry and E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Yaniktepe). 0196-8904/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.08.028 104 B. Yaniktepe et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 72 (2013) 103–110 increment of the population. Although Turkey has a wide range of energy resources such as coal, natural gas, petroleum and the like, they are limited. Therefore, Turkey has started to investigate the alternative energy resources. As a consequence, the investigation of wind energy has been carried out rapidly in Turkey over the last two decades. There are many investigations in the literature about Turkey’s wind characteristics that are mainly focused on regions which are highly suitable for wind energy applications. There are also some investigations about the wind energy policy and strategy is- sue in Turkey. But there are no any studies on tax exemption assessment of Turkey on renewable energy. This provided prima motivation behind doing the present study. Related scientific and industrial communities may be attracted by this investigation. Er- dogdu [8] not only presents a review of the potential and utiliza- tion of the wind power in Turkey but also provides some guidelines for policy makers. Current status of bioenergy and wind Fig. 1. Primary energy consumption rates of World 2011. energy economics are focused on this article. Wind electricity sta- tus in Turkey is also investigated according to the recent develop- consumption rate of fossil fuels has a large proportion by 92% ments on wind utilization in the world by Gokcek [9]. Kaygusuz and energy consumption rate from the renewable energy and and Sari [10] have analyzed those sustainable energy policies in hydroelectricity energy are, respectively, 2% and 6% in 2011 [20]. Turkey. They reviewed the present energy situation and the role Turkey, which is in the category of developing countries with of renewable energy for future directions in the Turkish energy respect to population, industrialization and the economy, is grow- sector. Sevim [11] has examined the current electricity market of ing rapidly. While the population of Turkey was 70,586,256 as of Turkey and economic parameters of wind energy investments. 2007, it reached the value of 73,722,988 in 2010. Growing rate of Hepbasli and Ozgener [12] have reviewed the development of the population of Turkey is approximately 4.44%. Furthermore, wind energy in Turkey at the end of the October 2010. Kurban Turkey’s economy has shown a big increase in the 1st, 2nd, and and Hocaoglu [13] have also examined briefly wind energy status 3rd quarters of 2011, with the values of 12.0, 8.8, and 8.2, respec- in Turkey and especially investigated wind energy potential of tively [21]. Turkey has left many countries behind with these Anadolu University campus area. Furthermore, Bilgili and Simsek growing rates of the economy. According to these developments, [14], Kaygusuz [15], Hepbasli and Ozgener [16], Ilkilic [3], Ilkilic, the increase in the amount of per capita energy consumption re- and Turkbay [17] have also studied the potential and the develop- veals the importance of energy. ment of wind energy systems in Turkey, installed capacity of Tur- The growing rate of primary energy demand in Turkey stood at key and policy issue and strategies. 4.3% annually on average in the period of 1990–2008 [19]. The va- This study focuses on the current state, potential, and develop- lue of primary energy consumption in Turkey was 108.8 Mtoe as of ment of wind energy systems in Turkey. The paper is organized in 2010, and it reached the value of 118.8 Mtoe in 2011 with the the following manner: The status of energy applications in the growing rate of 9.2% [20]. The World Energy Council Turkish Na- world is presented in Section 2. Section 3 provides installations tional Committee (WEC-TNC) states that the electricity demand of wind power in the world. Section 4 explains the current wind of Turkey will be 353,690 GW h by 2020. On the other hand, de- energy status in Turkey. Section 5 discusses the wind energy status mand scenario which was organized by the Turkish Electricity and support/incentive mechanisms in Turkey, and Section 6 con- Transmission Company (TEIAS) also implies that the annual grow- cludes and offers recommendations for the policy makers. ing rate of electricity demand will be between 6.3% and 8.4% from 2009 to 2016 [11,22,23]. Besides, the electrical energy production of the Turkey was 211.2 GW h in 2010 and it reached 2. The status of energy applications in the world 228.4 GW h in 2011. Increasing rate in electricity production be- The demand for energy is increasing at an exponential rate due tween the years of 2010 and 2011 was determined as 8.1% [20]. Consequently, Turkey has the most rapid increase in energy to the exponential growth of world population, industrial develop- ments, and the world economy [12].