JIHOČESKÁ UNIVERZITA V ČESKÝCH BUDĚJOVICÍCH PEDAGOGICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra anglistiky DIPLOMA THESIS KATEŘINA MARTINCOVÁ 2011 JIHOČESKÁ UNIVERZITA V ČESKÝCH BUDĚJOVICÍCH PEDAGOGICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra anglistiky Function of Pragmatic Markers in Newspaper Articles The Guardian and The Independent. Based on Pragmatic Research. Funkce pragmatických markerů v novinových článcích The Guardian a The Independent. Pragmatický výzkum. Author / Autor: Kateřina Martincová 6th year / 6.ročník English – German / Anglický jazyk – Německý jazyk Vedoucí diplomové práce: Mgr. Jana Kozubíková Šandová, Ph.D. České Budějovice 29th April 2011 / 29. duben 2011 Prohlašuji, ţe svoji diplomovou práci jsem vypracoval/a samostatně pouze s pouţitím pramenů a literatury uvedených v seznamu citované literatury. Prohlašuji, ţe v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. v platném znění souhlasím se zveřejněním své diplomové práce, a to v nezkrácené podobě - v úpravě vzniklé vypuštěním vyznačených částí archivovaných fakultou elektronickou cestou ve veřejně přístupné části databáze STAG provozované Jihočeskou univerzitou v Českých Budějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách. V Českých Budějovicích 29. duben 2011 Kateřina Martincová Declaration: I hereby declare that this diploma thesis titled ―Function of Pragmatic Markers in Newspaper Articles The Guardian and The Independent. Based on Pragmatic Research.‖ and the research to which it refers, are the result of my own work and that all used sources are quoted in the enclosed bibliography. Acknowledgements: Firstly, I would like to thank Mgr. Jana Kozubíková Šandová, Ph.D. for her valuable advice on my thesis. Secondly, I would hereby like to express my gratitude to prof. PhDr. Ludmila Urbanová, CSc. for inspiring me in the field of pragmatics. I also want to thank Dr. Sandra Mollin for her guidance while studying Sociolinguistics and Language and Gender during my exchange year at University Augsburg. Finally, I would like to thank my former colleagues for their help and linguistic advice concerning this thesis. Last but not least, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents for their support during my studies. Abstract The thesis deals with occurrence and function of pragmatic markers in newspaper articles. The analysis is focused on 30 newspaper articles, which were published on the front page of the British newspapers The Guardian and The Independent. Discourse markers are examined in direct and indirect speech. The analysis is based on pragmatic research. The second chapter deals with introducing the terminology, which is important for understanding the thesis. Then, the newspaper environment is described - the attention is paid to background knowledge of newspaper articles and last but not least to the journalists. The term ―pragmatic marker‖ is observed. Individual pragmatic markers are examined from the quantitative as well as qualitative approach in direct and indirect speech. The results of the analysis are summarised in the last chapter. Anotace Diplomová práce se zabývá výskytem a funkcí pragmatických markerů v ţánru novinových článků. Analýza je zaměřena na 30 novinových článků, které byly vytištěny na přední straně britských novin The Guardian a The Independent. Pragmatické markery jsou zkoumány v přímé i nepřímé řeči. Práce je zaloţena na pragmatickém výzkumu. Druhá kapitola se zabývá terminologií, která je důleţitá pro pochopení celé studie. Dále práce popisuje prostředí novin – pozornost je zaměřena na pozadí novinových článků, jejich části a v neposlední řadě na autory článků. Další kapitola se soustředí na pojem „pragmatický marker―. Následuje rozbor jednotlivých pragmatických markerů jak z kvantitativního tak z kvalitativního hlediska v přímé i nepřímé řeči. Výsledky výzkumu jsou shrnuty v poslední kapitole. I Contents Abstract…………………………......................................……………………..I Anotace…………………………………………………………………………I Contents………………………………………………………………..………II List of Tables…………………………………………………………………..V List of Figures………………………………………………………....……..VII List of Abbreviations………………………………………………..………VIII 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 2 Discourse and Newspapers ....................................................................... 3 2.1 Pragmatics ............................................................................................ 3 2.2 Discourse .............................................................................................. 3 2.3 Media discourse ................................................................................... 4 2.3.1 Critical Discourse Analysis .......................................................... 6 2.4 Newspapers .......................................................................................... 6 2.4.1 Newspaper Article ........................................................................ 7 2.5 Spoken and Written Discourse in Newspaper Articles ........................ 9 2.5.1 Spoken discourse .......................................................................... 9 2.5.2 Written discourse ........................................................................ 10 3 Corpus Description .................................................................................. 14 3.1 Article Description ............................................................................. 14 3.2 Journalists ........................................................................................... 16 II 4 Newspapers´ Description ........................................................................ 17 4.1 The Guardian ...................................................................................... 17 4.1.1 The Editors of the Guardian ........................................................ 17 4.2 The Independent ................................................................................. 19 4.2.1 The Editors of the Independent ................................................... 20 4.3 Concluding Remarks .......................................................................... 22 5 Pragmatic markers .................................................................................. 23 5.1 Discourse Markers Analysed in the Thesis ........................................ 25 6 Analysis of Pragmatic Markers in Direct Speech ................................. 28 6.1 Quantitative Approach – Direct Speech ............................................. 28 6.1.1 The Guardian .............................................................................. 29 6.1.2 The Independent ......................................................................... 30 6.1.3 Social Status ................................................................................ 32 6.2 Conclusion.......................................................................................... 32 7 Qualitative Approach – Direct Speech .................................................. 35 7.1 AND ................................................................................................... 35 7.1.1 Concluding Remarks ................................................................... 50 7.2 BECAUSE.......................................................................................... 55 7.3 BUT .................................................................................................... 57 7.3.1 Concluding Remarks ................................................................... 63 7.4 OR ...................................................................................................... 65 7.4.1 Concluding Remarks ................................................................... 68 7.5 SO ....................................................................................................... 69 7.6 WELL ................................................................................................. 71 7.7 YOU KNOW ...................................................................................... 73 7.8 Concluding Remarks .......................................................................... 75 III 8 Analysis of Pragmatic Markers in Indirect Speech .............................. 76 8.1 Quantitative Approach ....................................................................... 77 8.2 Qualitative Approach ......................................................................... 78 8.2.1 HOWEVER ................................................................................ 79 8.2.2 Spoken Discourse Markers in Written Text ............................... 81 8.2.3 But ............................................................................................... 82 8.3 Concluding Remarks .......................................................................... 84 9 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 85 Resumé .............................................................................................................. 90 References ......................................................................................................... 95 Appendix ........................................................................................................... 99 IV List of Tables Table I: The Guardian – Total Number of Expressions in Direct Speech, Total Number of Pragmatic Markers in Direct Speech, Total Number of Pragmatic Markers in 100 Expressions and Frequency – depending on the journalist Table