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University Microfilms International 300 M ZEGB 30 ANN AP3CR Ml J8'06 '3’31 761-47CO THE DIALECTICS OF TRANSNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVITY: A STUDY OF NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Arthur Weston Blaser, B.A., M.A. ★ * * * The Ohio State University 1979 Reading Committee: Approved By Professor Chadwick Alger Professor Charles Hermann Professor Donald Sylvan Adviser I Department of Political Science To my mother and the memory of my father ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Completion of this study was greatly facilitated by the following: Professors Alger, Hermann, and Sylvan, who provided constructive criticisms, the Mershon Center, which provided support for the field-work conducted in Europe; and representatives of nongovernmental organizations, who were forthright in their assessments of human rights activity. VITA July 1, 1953 ................. Born - Seattle, Washington 1974..........................B.A., University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 1974-1978.................... University Fellowship, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1977..........................M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1978-1979.................... Teaching Associate, University Center for International Studies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIEI.nS OF STUDY Major field: Political Science International Organization.... Professor Chadwick Alger Foreign Policy.............. Professors Charles Hermann, Donald Sylvan, and Robert Trice Political Theory................ Professor John Champlin TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION................. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................... iii VITA......................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES............................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES.......................................... viii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION..............................................1 Preview...................................................1 The Evolution of Human Rights........................ 2 The Evolution of Nongovernmental Organizations 9 The Universe and the Sample......................... 14 Methods for Analyzing Transnational Human Rights Activity......................................16 The Major Questions in Detail........................23 Structure of the Study................................ 38 II. WHO ORGANIZES FOR HUMAN RIGHTS?......................43 A Literature Review................................... 43 Sketching Transnational Human Rights Activity 46 Transition.............................................140 III. THE SCOPE AND TACTICS OF HUMAN RIGHTS NGOS........156 The Ideal: A Comprehensive Human Rights Movement.............................................157 On Necessary Selectivity.............................165 Justifications for Selectivity..................... 171 The Map: Selectivity of Rights Protection.........180 Summary................................................ 190 IV. HUMAN RIGHTS ASSESSMENT: THE NGO CONTRIBUTION 196 The Importance of Rights Assessment: A Perspective for its Study.......................197 The Scope of Human Rights Assessment Efforts...... 202 The Structure of Nongovernmental Human Rights Assessment.......................................... 205 Prescriptions and Summary........................... 234 v V. THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVITY: CONSTRUCTIVE OR SELF-DEFEATING?........24 3 The Goal: Cooperative NGO Human Rights Activity..243 Factors Frustrating and Facilitating Cooperation......................................... 249 Summary................................................ 279 VI. CONCLUSION.............................................286 The NGOs and National Governments.................. 287 The NGOs and Conflicting Values.................... 290 The NGOs, the Cold War, Zionism and Apartheid............................................293 The NGOs, the Haves, and the Have-Nots............ 296 The NGOs, the Past, the Present, and the Future............................................... 298 Human Rights NGOs: Summary and Prescription...... 299 The Study of NGOs and Human Rights: Summary and Prescription................................... 302 APPENDIXES A. NGOS AND ACRONYMS................................ 307 B. INTERVIEWS WITH NGO REPRESENTATIVES........... 309 C. QUESTIONNAIRE.....................................312 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................... 317 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Two Dimensions of Human Rights Activity............10 2. Reinforcement of National Governments.............. 26 3. Individualist and Collectivist Value-Sets: Key Terms..............................................30 4. Traditional and Contemporary Approaches to Human Rights.......................................... 37 5. NGOs with Major International Human Rights Activity............................................... 47 6. Classification of NGOs............................... 48 7. Major Labor NGOs...................................... 51 8 . Major Religious NGOs..................................61 9. Major Women's NGOs....................................78 10. Major Youth and Student NGOs........................ 85 11. Major Professional NGOs.............................. 92 12. Major Writers, Journalists, and Artists' NGOs...106 13. Major Relief NGOs.................................... 116 14. Major Anti-Discrimination Groups.................. 123 15. General Human Rights NGOs...........................128 16. Bases for Selecting Whose Rights are to be Protected.............................................160 17. Some Available Tactics for Human Rights NGOs....161 18. Amnesty International's Research Department......170 19. Scope of Rights Assessment: Some Examples........ 203 20. The Assessment Checklist............................207 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Human Rights as a Topic in Transition............... 5 2. Two Actors* Relationships to "Human Rights"....... 13 3. NGOs, Conflicts, and Human Rights.................. 24 4. The Map of NGO Human Rights Activity.............. 181 5. A Model of NGO Policymaking........................ 199 6. The Assessment Process.............................