Application of Geosynthetics for Ground Improvement: An Overview IGC 2009, Guntur, INDIA APPLICATION OF GEOSYNTHETICS FOR GROUND IMPROVEMENT: AN OVERVIEW Gohil D.P. Research Scholar, Department of Applied Mechanics, S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat–395007, India. E-mail : [email protected] C.H. Solanki Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Mechanics, S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat–395007, India. E-mail : [email protected] A.K. Desai Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Mechanics, S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat–395007, India. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Geosynthetics is manmade material used for soil reinforcement. Soil transfers the built up forces in earth to reinforcement by friction which develops tension in reinforcement. Geosynthetics is used in locations where shear stresses are generated because shearing stress between soil and reinforcement restrains the lateral deformation of the soil. Geosynthetics used for increasing bearing capacity and permeability of soil, reducing settlement of soil. Under dynamic shear excitations, slip deformations occur along smooth geosynthetic interfaces. Thus, in a landfill application seismically induced slip deformations along a bottom geosynthetic liner can result in reduced accelerations transmitted to landfill waste. Preliminary shaking table test on smooth high density polyethylene and geotextile showed that this concept of using geosynthetics to isolate a structure from incoming seismic waves had great promise. Shaking table tests of a building model placed on a selected geosynthetic liner results the benefits of utilizing a special geosynthetics liner as an energy absorbing system that can reduce building response during an earthquake. Displacement transducers are use to measure the slip along the geotextile interface and to measure the distortion of the columns of the building model. This paper presents a review of the existing experimental and analytical work done in this field and identifies different areas needing further attention. Key Words: Geosynthetics, High Density Polyethylene, Seismic Waves, Displacement Transducers. 1. INTRODUCTION soil–geosynthetic interface and the development of tensile stresses within the reinforcing layers. Internal stability also Geotextiles are the largest and most diverse group of requires that the geosynthetic layers provide tensile geosynthetic materials and include all fabrics produced from anchorage against potential slope failures by extending into polymer fibers. There are five main functions of geosynthetic the stable soil mass. materials: to separate dissimilar geomaterials; to reinforce soil masses; to act as a filter in controlling the transport of The principal parameters in design are the tensile strength solid particles within the soil; to provide drainage pathways and stiffness of the geosynthetic, and the soil–geosynthetic within the soil mass; or to impede fluid flow by acting as a interface shear and bond resistance. Horizontal layers of containment/flow barrier. Geosynthetic functions of geosynthetics are also used as basal reinforcements for embankments constructed over soft foundation soils. Basal separation, filtration, and reinforcement involve interactions reinforcement provides additional short-term stability and with the surrounding soil. greatly aids constructability in these situations. Tensile stresses develop due to membrane action in the centre of the 2. APPLICATION OF GEOSYNTHETICS basal reinforcement due to undrained deformations of the soil. These stresses transfer through interface shear tractions Geotextiles and geogrids are widely used to reinforce soil into both the overlying embankment fill and underlying soft masses in the design of retaining walls and slopes. In these soil improving coherence in the side slopes and redistributing Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) applications, horizontal the forces transferred to the underlying clay. layers of the geosynthetics are sandwiched between compacted layers of fill during construction. Lateral The use of geotextiles to separate the soil sub grade from the spreading of the soil mass is resisted by shearing along the overlying aggregate (unpaved) road base or railway ballast 439 Application of Geosynthetics for Ground Improvement: An Overview rely on tensile stiffness and strength properties of the attention. Many experimental, numerical, and analytical geosynthetics. The geotextile allows drainage but prevents studies have been performed to investigate the behaviour of intrusion of aggregate into a softer underlying material while Reinforced Soil Foundation (RSF) for different soil types. preventing the pumping of fine particles from the sub grade The selection or development of a proper geosynthetic into the ballast. Geotextiles are frequently used as filter material for use as foundation isolation was the first fabrics in subsurface drainage and erosion control important task of the research. Several candidate interface applications. Geosynthetic materials are routinely used for materials were explored for their suitability as foundation subsurface drainage; these include edge/fin drains behind isolator. Ideally, foundation isolation material should satisfy earth retaining walls and prefabricated vertical drains used to requirements including: accelerate the consolidation of low permeability clays. • The friction coefficient during sliding should be small to 3. IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL DUE TO minimize the acceleration transmitted through the GEOSYNTHETICS interface. In general, friction coefficients between 0.05 and 0.15 would be desirable for the isolation concept to Ling & Liu (2001) showed that geosynthetic reinforcement be used worldwide not only in regions of high increased the stiffness and bearing capacity of the asphalt seismicity, but also where earthquakes pose a moderate concrete pavement. Under dynamic loading, the life of the threat, and seismic mitigation measures can be cost asphalt concrete layer was prolonged in the presence of prohibitive. geosynthetic reinforcement. • The static friction coefficient should be slightly larger Sireesh (Article in press) showed that geocell mattress can than the dynamic coefficient to prevent sliding under substantially increase the bearing capacity and reduce non seismic loads including wind. settlement of the clay sub grade with void. The geocell • To simplify introduction of foundation isolation in mattress must spread beyond the void at least a distance engineering design, the friction coefficient should be equal to the diameter of the void. With increase in the height insensitive to several factors including sliding velocity, of the geocell layer, its moment of inertia and hence bending normal stress, sliding distance, moisture, and and shear rigidity of the geocell mattress increases that it effectively bridges the void and transmits the footing temperature. pressure to the adjacent soil mass. The overall bearing • The interface material should be resistant to chemical capacity of the foundation bed increases with increase in and biological attacks, and to long-term creep effects. density of the fill soil. It is therefore profitable to have a • The maximum and permanent slip displacements dense fill in the geocells. induced by an earthquake should be small enough to Ghazavi & Lavasan (2008) did a parametric study that allow functionality of the structure and its utilities. revealed the role of the distance between reinforcing layers and footings and the width and depth of reinforcing layers on 4.1 Behaviour of Geosynthetics under Cyclic Loading the bearing capacity. The results showed that the bearing capacity of interfering footing increases with the use of Unnikrishnan et. al. (2002) indicate that a thin layer of high- geogrid layers, depending on the distance between two strength sand provided on both sides of the reinforcement is footings. Reinforcement caused the bearing capacity of effective in improving the strength and deformation interfering footings to increase by about 1.5 and 2 for one behaviour of reinforced clay soils under both static and and two reinforcement layers. cyclic type loadings. Sharma et. al. (2009) showed that the bearing capacity of soil Yegian & Kadakal (2004) explained the use of improved when reinforced by geosynthetics and that better geosynthetics liners for dynamic response of landfill. Slip improvements were obtained when the reinforcement is deformations occurring along geosynthetic interface can placed within a certain depth (or influence depth) beyond limit the earthquake energy transmitted to overlying waste which no significant improvement will occur. or soil. Results from dynamic analysis demonstrated that Hajiani, et al. (2003) proved that the bearing capacity smooth HDPE geomembrane/ geotextile liners significantly increase with increasing number of reinforcement layers, if reduce the landfill acceleration, beyond an input base the reinforcements were placed within a range of effective acceleration of 0.2 g. A dynamic analysis assumed the depths. complete shear transfer through geosynthetic liners can significantly over estimate landfill acceleration. 4. DEVELOPMENT OF GEOSYNTHETIC FOR USE AS FOUNDATION ISOLATION 4.2. Geosynthetic Liners for Foundation Isolation During the past 30 years, the use of reinforced soils to The suitability of various synthetic materials for the purpose support shallow foundations has received considerable of foundation isolation. The dynamic interface properties of 440