Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics Thesis approval Sheet This thesis, entitled Central Sinama Voice: A Symmetrical Analysis written by Jeremiah Joy James and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with major in Applied Linguistics has been read and approved by the undersigned members of the faculty ofthe Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics. Paul Kroeger (Supervising Professet) Michael Boutin Mark Miller 30 a 20 7 Date signed Central Sinama Voice: A Symmetrical Analysis By Jeremiah Joy James Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with major in Applied Linguistics Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics June 2017 © 2017 Jeremiah Joy James All Rights Reserved CERTIFICATE I acknowledge that use of copyrighted material in my thesis may place me under an obligation to the copyright owner, especially when use of such material exceeds usual fair use provisions. I hereby certify that I have obtained the written permission of the copyright owner for any and all such occurrences and that no portion of my thesis has been copyrighted previously unless properly referenced. I hereby agree to indemnify and hold harmless the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics from any and all claims that may be asserted or that may arise from any copyright violation. Signature May 22, 2017 Date THESIS DUPLICATION RELEASE I hereby authorize the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics Library to duplicate this thesis when needed for research and/or scholarship. Agreed: Refused: _______________________________________________ ABSTRACT Central Sinama Voice: A Symmetrical Analysis Jeremiah Joy James Master of Arts with major in Applied Linguistics The Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics, June 2017 Supervising Professor: Paul Kroeger This thesis presents a symmetrical analysis of the voice system of Central Sinama (often called Sama, Samal, or Badjao), an Austronesian language of the Philippines and Malaysia. Sinama has a three-way primary voice alternation, comprising two transitive voices (undergoer voice and actor voice) and an intransitive passive voice. Sinama also has two minor voices: conveyance voice and locative voice. Based on analysis of recorded text, elicited data, and dictionary example sentences, the thesis presents evidence that the NP uniquely selected by a clause’s voice morphology is the syntactic subject. It also shows that the primary voice alternation between actor voice and undergoer voice does not result in the demotion of the non-subject argument to oblique or adjunct status. The presence of two transitive voices means that Sinama has a symmetrical (i.e., non-demoting) voice system, as defined by Arka (2003a: 115). DEDICATION For Lydia, my heart’s delight vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgment for help on this thesis must first go to my friends among the Central Sama people, for their kindness and patience as I have struggled with their language and culture. I owe particular thanks to Pr. John & Mary Erales, who have taught me, encouraged me, borne with my blunders, and gently corrected me along the way. I also thank Pr. Edjiꞌ & Leleng Adjari, who were such excellent neighbors during my early days, and are always welcoming; Jonathan & Ambayang Erales, for their fast friendship; Kelong & Rebekah Pilas; and Esniriya Casamero, who along with Jonathan was my first Sinama teacher. Bang paꞌin kam nilidjikiꞌan heꞌ Tuhan Sangat Kawasa ma bay tahinangbi ilu. Bang paꞌin kam tinungbasan manglabi-labihan heꞌ Tuhan. (Rūt 2:12) Paul Kroeger, Michael Boutin, and Mark Miller, my thesis committee, have my heartfelt gratitude for their patience and willingness to put their learning at my service. Their questions and criticisms have sharpened my thinking, broadened my understanding, and improved my scholarship; and they have done it all with kindness and humor. Thanks are due to the cartography team of the SIL Analytics and Information Management Department, who created the map of Sinama distribution in chapter 1. They were endlessly patient with my many requests for changes and alterations. viii I thank Luke & Ruth (Biral) Schroeder, and Omarjan Jahuran, for their friendship and good cheer, conversation and debates, and good times. Ruth and Omar helped greatly with a very early draft of chapter 3, when it was still a mere term paper. I am indebted to Kemp & Anne Pallesen for so many things: for their love and kindness, for answering my questions, for opening their beautiful home to us, and for their example of decades of selfless service to the Central Sama people. It was they who introduced me to Sinama; and it was Kemp in particular, one fine day in Manila, who encouraged me to pursue a bewitching linguist named Lydia, who is now my wife. I thank Lydia, my loving companion. She has accompanied me through the process of writing this thesis; she encouraged me when I was frustrated; she argued and forced me to think and defend my claims. My analysis of Sinama is critically dependent on her text collection, transcription, and charting. What a joy to have a linguist as a wife! E além do mais, ela é carioca. And above all, I acknowledge my Lord, who is my light and my salvation. Soli Deo Gloria. May 22, 2017 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. XIII LIST OF MAPS ................................................................................................................ XIV ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................ XV 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................1 1.1 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY .................................................................................. 3 1.2 CULTURAL SUBGROUPS ........................................................................................ 6 1.3 LANGUAGE VITALITY ........................................................................................... 7 1.4 RELATED LANGUAGES ......................................................................................... 8 1.5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................. 8 1.6 OVERVIEW OF VOICE SYSTEMS ........................................................................... 10 1.6.1 Symmetrical voice ..............................................................................11 1.6.2 Philippine-type and Indonesian-type languages ................................12 1.7 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................... 13 1.7.1 Central Sinama ..................................................................................14 1.7.2 Other Sama-Bajaw languages ...........................................................15 1.7.3 Other Austronesian languages ...........................................................16 1.8 FIELDWORK AND DATA SOURCES ....................................................................... 16 1.9 PHONOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 18 1.9.1 Phonemes and orthography ...............................................................18 1.9.2 Gemination and stress........................................................................20 1.9.3 Nasal assimilation and replacement ..................................................21 1.10 PRONOUNS ......................................................................................................... 22 1.11 WORD ORDER ..................................................................................................... 25 1.12 TENSE, ASPECT AND MODALITY AUXILIARIES .................................................... 28 2 VERBAL MORPHOLOGY ...........................................................................29 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 29 2.2 INTRANSITIVE VERB AFFIXES ............................................................................. 29 2.2.1 pa1- and -um- .....................................................................................30 2.2.2 aN-......................................................................................................31 2.2.3 a- ........................................................................................................32 2.2.4 -in- ......................................................................................................34 2.3 VOICE AFFIXES ................................................................................................... 34 2.3.1 Undergoer voice .................................................................................35 2.3.2 Actor voice .........................................................................................36 2.3.3 Passive voice ......................................................................................36 2.3.4 Conveyance voice ...............................................................................41 2.3.5 Locative voice ....................................................................................43 x 2.4 VALENCE-INCREASING AFFIXES