etermination and Comparison tf Bivalve Growth, with Emphasis on Thailand and Other Tropical Areas J.M. Vakily /'( * .' INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MANILA, PHILIPPINES Determination and Comparison of Bivalve Growth, with Emphasis on Thailand and Other Tropical Areas J.M. VAKILY 1992 Printed in Manila, Philippines Published by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, MC P.O. Bax 1501, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines. Vakily, J.M. 1992. Determination and comparison of bivalve growth, with emphasis on Thailand and other tropical areas. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 36, 125 p. ISSN 01 15-5547 ISBN 971 -8709-24-X ICLARM Contribution No. 801. CONTENTS List of Tables .................................................................................................... vi List of Figures .......................................................................................................vii Foreword .........................................................................................................................ix Abstract ....................................... .................................................................x Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 Chapter 2 . The Role of Bivalves as Fisheries Resource .................................... 2 Worldwide ........................................................................................................2 Thailand ..................... .................................................................................3 Chapter 3 . Review of Growth Studies on Bivalves ............................................. 6 Chapter 4 . Microgrowth Analysis of Bivalve Shells . Application and Relevance to Tropical Bivalve Resources Management ....................................... .............................. 8 General Theory of Growth Pattern Formation in Bivalve Shells ................................................... 8 History ..........................................................................................................................8 External Growth Marks ........................................................................................................9 Internal Growth Marks .......................................................................................................10 ... Anaerobic metabolism ~n bwalves .... .- ..................................................................... 10 Formation of internal growth lines ............................................................................ 11 Microgrowth Analysis in Tropical Bivalves - The Thai Experience ................... ... ............. 15 Introduction ....................,., ................................................................................................. 15 Material ........................... ....................................................................................... 16 ... .. Perna vlr~dls............................................................................................................. 16 Anadara granosa ..................................................................................................... 16 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 17 Tagging .................................................................................................................... 17 Marking ..................................................................................................................... 18 Surveys .................................................................................................................. 18 ... Perna vlrldls ............................; ....................................................................... 18 Anadara granosa ............................................................................................ 19 Tide readings .......................................................................................................... 19 Preparation of acetate peels .................................................................................... 19 Analysis of shell microstructure ................................................................................ 20 iii Results ........................................................................................................................22 Perna vifidis......................................................................................................... 22 Growth experiments ........................................................................................22 Analysis of the shell microstructure .............................................................. 23 Periodicity of growth line formation ................................................................ 25 Anadara granosa ...................................................................................................... 27 Growth experiments ........................................................................................ 27 Analysis of the shell microstructure ............................................................... 28 Periodicity of growth line formation .................................................................31 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 34 Chapter 5 . Growth of Bivalves in Different Climatic Zones .A Comparative Approach ........................................... 38 Introduction ........................................................................................................................38 The von Bertalanffy Growth Theory: Can it be Applied to Bivalve Growth? ............................. 38 The von Bertalanffy growth model ................................................................................... 38 Allometric growth of bivalve gills .......................................................................................39 Oxygen consumption in bivalves ....................................................................................... 41 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................ 44 Source of data .................................................................................................................. 44 The seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth function ........................................................... 45 Analysis of growth data ...............................................................................................46 Length-frequency data .............................................................................................. 46 Length-at-time data ................................................................................................... 47 Length increment data ............................................................................................ 48 Temperature data ............................................................................................................. 49 Estimates of mortality rates from field experiments ..................................................... 49 Estimates of relative yield ................................................................................................. 50 Comparison of growth performance ................................................................................. 50 The phi prime ($') concept ......................... .. ................................................... 50 The growth index P and the auximetric grid .......................................................... 51 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................... 52 Growth experiments with bivalves in Thailand .................................................................. 52 Perna viridis .............................................................................................................. 52 Estimation of growth parameters .................................................................... 52 Mortality ........................................................................................................... 55 Growth comparison ......................................................................................... 55 Anadara granosa ...................................................................................................... 56 Estimation of growth parameters .................................................................. 56 Mortality ........................................................................................................... 62 Growth comparison ......................................................................................... 64 Compilation of growth parameters of the VBGF from the literature ................................. 66 lntraspecific comparison of growth parameters:the use of the growth index I$' ....................................................................................... 68 The growth index I$' and its relationship to environmental temperature and geographic distribution .................................................................. 70 Comparison of bivalve growth: the potential of a growth index and its limitations ...........................................................................................