CULTURAL RESOURCES REPORT COVER SHEET Author: J. Tait Elder and Lauran R. Switzer Title of Report: Cultural Resources Technical Report for the BHP Billiton Canada, Inc. Proposed Grays Harbor Potash Export Facility Date of Report: September 2017 County(ies): Grays Harbor Section: 10 Township: 17N Range: 10W Quad: Hoquiam Acres: 571 PDF of report submitted (REQUIRED) Yes Historic Property Export Files submitted? Yes No Archaeological Site(s)/Isolate(s) Found or Amended? Yes No TCP(s) found? Yes No Replace a draft? Yes No Satisfy a DAHP Archaeological Excavation Permit requirement? Yes # No DAHP Archaeological Site #: NA 40600-HS-RPT-55039 Revision 1 7 February 2018 CULTURAL RESOURCES TECHNICAL REPORT FOR THE BHP BILLITON CANADA, INC. PROPOSED GRAYS HARBOR POTASH EXPORT FACILITY P REPARED FOR : BergerABAM 1301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1200 Seattle, Washington 98101-2677 Contact: Victoria England, LG 206.357.5621 P R E P A R E D B Y : ICF 710 Second Avenue, Suite 550 Seattle, Washington 98104 Contact: Lauran Switzer 206.801.2817 September 2017 Elder, J. Tait and Lauran R. Switzer. 2017. Cultural Resources Technical Report for the BHP Billiton Canada, Inc. Proposed Grays Harbor Potash Export Facility. September. (ICF 347.17.) Seattle, Washington. Prepared for BergerABAM, Seattle, Washington. Contents List of Tables and Figures ........................................................................................................................................... iii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... iv Page Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1-1 Area of Potential Effects ............................................................................................................................................ 1-1 Regulatory Setting ....................................................................................................................................................... 1-5 Federal Regulations ............................................................................................................................................ 1-5 State Regulations ................................................................................................................................................. 1-6 Local Regulations ................................................................................................................................................. 1-7 Personnel ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1-7 Chapter 2 Environmental and Cultural Setting ........................................................................................ 2-1 Environmental Set ting ................................................................................................................................................... 2-1 Geology ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2-1 Flora .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2-2 Fauna ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2-2 Cultural Setting ............................................................................................................................................................. 2-3 Precontact Context ............................................................................................................................................... 2-3 Ethnographic Context ........................................................................................................................................ 2-4 Historic Context .................................................................................................................................................... 2-5 Chapter 3 Records Review ............................................................................................................................... 3-1 Chapter 4 Research Design .............................................................................................................................. 4-1 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4-1 Analytical Framework ............................................................................................................................................... 4-1 Anthropogenic ...................................................................................................................................................... 4-2 Tidal Flats ................................................................................................................................................................ 4-2 Uplands .................................................................................................................................................................... 4-3 Methods ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4-3 Chapter 5 Findings ............................................................................................................................................. 5-1 Summary ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5-4 Chapter 6 Impacts Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 6-1 Impacts ............................................................................................................................................................................. 6-1 Proposed Action ................................................................................................................................................... 6-1 No Action Alternative ......................................................................................................................................... 6-1 Cumulative Impacts ............................................................................................................................................ 6-1 Cultural Resources Technical Report for the BHP Billiton September 2017 i Proposed Grays Harbor Potash Export Facility ICF 00347.17 BergerABAM Contents Measures ......................................................................................................................................................................... 6-2 Chapter 7 Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................................................ 7-1 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................... 7-1 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................................................... 7-1 Chapter 8 References Cited ............................................................................................................................. 8-1 Appendix A Field Data Appendix B Photographs Cultural Resources Technical Report for the BHP Billiton September 2017 ii Proposed Grays Harbor Potash Export Facility ICF 00347.17 BergerABAM Contents Tables and Figures Table Page Table 3-1. Cultural Resources Studies Conducted in the APE ........................................................................... 3-2 Table 3-2. Cultural Resources Studies Conducted within 1 Mile of the APE ............................................... 3-2 Table 3-3. Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites Located within 1 Mile of the APE ........................ 3-3 Table 3-4. Previously Recorded Historic Resources Located within 1 Mile of the APE .......................... 3-3 Table 5-1. Deposits Identified in the APE and their Depositional Environment ....................................... 5-3 Figure Page Figure 1. Project Location ................................................................................................................................................ 1-3 Figure 2. Area of Potential Effects ................................................................................................................................ 1-4 Figure 3. APE and 1928 Coast Geodetic Survey Map ..........................................................................................2-14 Figure 4. Archaeological Trench Locations ............................................................................................................... 5-2 Cultural Resources Technical Report for the BHP Billiton September 2017 iii Proposed Grays Harbor Potash Export Facility ICF 00347.17 BergerABAM Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations AMSL above mean