View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kyoto University Research Information Repository Ecology of Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and Title its Implications for the Management of Human-Macaque Interface in Singapore( Dissertation_全文 ) Author(s) John Sha Chih Mun Citation Kyoto University (京都大学) Issue Date 2014-03-24 URL http://dx.doi.org/10.14989/doctor.r12814 許諾条件により本文は2014-10-01に公開; ここに掲載した 著作物の利用に関する注意 本著作物の著作権は、著者、 日本哺乳類学会、Wiley社、Springer社に帰属します。本 著作物はこれらの著作権者の定めた条件に従って公開す るものです。ご利用に当たっては「著作権法」に従うこ とをお願い致します。出典は下記の通りです。; 第2章 :Sha JCM, Gumert MD, Lee BPYH, Fuentes A, Rajathurai S, Chan S, Jones-Engel L (2009) Status of the long‐tailed macaque Macaca fascicularis in Singapore and implications for management. Biodiversity and Conservation 18(11) 2909- 2926. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-009-9616-4; 第3章:Sha JCM, Right Gumert MD, Lee BPYH, Jones-Engel L, Chan S, Fuentes A (2009) Macaque-human interactions and the societal perceptions of macaques in Singapore. American Journal of Primatology 71(10)825-839. DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20710; 第4章 :Sha JCM & Hanya G (2013) Diet, activity, habitat use and ranging of two neighboring groups of food-enhanced long- tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). American Journal of Primatology 75(6): 581-592. DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22137; 第5章 :Sha JCM & Hanya G (2013) Temporal food resource correlates to the behavior and ecology of food-enhanced long- tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Mammal Study 38 (3): 163-175. Type Thesis or Dissertation Textversion ETD Kyoto University 主論文 Thesis Ecology of Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis ) and its Implication for the Management of Human-Macaque Interface in Singapore John Sha Chih Mun Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University December, 2013 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................ i LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... iiii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... v CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 1 1. The human-nonhuman primate interface .......................................................... 1 2. Anthropogenic influence on primate behavior and ecology ............................. 4 3. The long-tailed macaque ................................................................................... 5 4. Singapore and the long-tailed macaque situation.............................................. 8 5. Outline and summary of this study ................................................................. 10 CHAPTER II: STATUS OF THE LONG-TAILED MACAQUE MACACA FASCICULARIS IN SINGAPORE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT .............................................................................. 13 1. Abstract ........................................................................................................... 13 2. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 14 3. Methods ........................................................................................................... 15 3-1 Distribution, population size and density ......................................... 15 3-2 Population size and density .............................................................. 17 3-3 Age-sex class, sex ratio and reproductive index .............................. 18 3-4 Group habituation and provisioning................................................. 19 3-5 Mapping and GIS analysis ............................................................... 19 3-6 Statistical analysis ............................................................................ 20 4. Results ............................................................................................................. 21 4-1 Population size, distribution and density ......................................... 21 4-2 Group characteristics ........................................................................ 22 4-3 Birth and mortality ........................................................................... 23 4-4 Public complaints and trapping ........................................................ 24 5 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER III: MACAQUE-HUMAN INTERACTIONS AND THE SOCIETAL PERCEPTIONS OF MACAQUES IN SINGAPORE ...................... 28 1. Abstract ........................................................................................................... 28 2. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 29 3. Methods ........................................................................................................... 31 3-1 Study area ......................................................................................... 31 3-2 Observation macaque behavior towards humans ............................. 32 3-3 Questionnaire survey ........................................................................ 34 3-4 Complaints and media portrayals ..................................................... 34 3-5 Data analysis .................................................................................... 35 4. Results ............................................................................................................. 37 4-1 Occurrence and context of macaque-to-human interaction ............. 37 4-2 Human reports on interactions ......................................................... 38 4-3 Human reports of macaque feeding ................................................. 40 4-4 Attitudes about macaques and their management ............................ 41 4-5 Experience and attitudes towards macaques .................................... 44 4-6 Complaints and media headlines ...................................................... 45 5. Discussion ....................................................................................................... 46 5-1 Macaque-to-human interactions in Singapore ................................. 46 5-2 Macaque feeding .............................................................................. 48 5-3 Human-macaque conflict in Singapore ............................................ 50 CHAPTER IV: DIET, ACTIVITY, HABITAT USE, AND RANGING OF TWO NEIGHBORING GROUPS OF FOOD-ENHANCED LONG-TAILED MACAQUES ( MACACA FASCICULARIS ) ......... 53 1. Abstract ........................................................................................................... 53 2. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 54 3. Methods ........................................................................................................... 56 3-1 Study area ......................................................................................... 56 3-2 Data collection ................................................................................. 57 3-3 Data analysis .................................................................................... 60 4. Results ............................................................................................................. 62 4-1 Habitat resources .............................................................................. 62 4-2 Diet composition .............................................................................. 64 4-3 Activity budget ................................................................................. 64 4-4 Habitat use ........................................................................................ 65 4-5 Ranging ............................................................................................ 65 4-6 Distribution of feeding activity and home range use ....................... 65 5. Discussion ....................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER V: TEMPORAL FOOD RESOURCE CORRELATES TO THE BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY OF FOOD-ENHANCED LONG-TAILED MACAQUES ( MACACA FASCICULARIS ) ......... 70 1. Abstract ........................................................................................................... 70 2. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 71 3. Methods ........................................................................................................... 73 3-1 Study area ......................................................................................... 73 3-2 Data collection ................................................................................. 74 3-3 Data analysis .................................................................................... 77 4. Results ............................................................................................................. 78 4-1 Temporal resource availability ......................................................... 79 4-2 Diet ................................................................................................... 80 4-3 Activity ............................................................................................. 80 4-4 Habitat use .......................................................................................