THE VIKING WORLD Edited by Stefan Brink in collaboration with Neil Price Routledge R Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK CONTENTS List of illustrations xi List of contributors xv Preface xix Stefan Brink and Neil Price Abbreviations xx i Introduction i Stefan Brink Who were the Vikings? 4 Stefan Brink PART I: VIKING AGE SCANDINAVIA People, society and social institutions 1 Scandinavia before the Viking Age 11 Lotte Hedeager 2 Law and society: polities and legal customs in Viking Scandinavia 23 Stefan Brink 3 The Sami and their interaction with the Nordic peoples 32 Inger Zachrisson 4 Women and sexual politics 40 AuSur G. Magnusdottir 5 Slavery in the Viking Age 49 Stefan Brink Living space 6 Naming the land 57 Stefan Brink v — Contents — 7 Farm and village in the Viking Age 67 Jan-Henrik Fallgren (i) Manor, cult and market at Lake Tiss0 77 Lars j0rgensen 8 The development of urbanism in Scandinavia 83 Dagfinn Skre (1) Birka 94 Bjorn Ambrosiani (2) Hedeby: an outline of its research history 101 Volker Hilberg (3) Kaupang — 'Skfringssalr' 112 Dagfinn Skre (4) Lejre and Roskilde 121 Tom Christensen (5) Ribe 126 Claus Feveile (6) 'Ridanass': a Viking Age port of trade at Frojel, Gotland 131 Dan Carlsson (7) Sebbersund 135 Jens N. Nielsen (8) Sigtuna 140 Jonas Ros (9) Viking Age Uppakra and Lund I45 Birgitta Hdrdh Technology and trade 9 Local and long-distance exchange 150 S0ren Michael Sindbcek 10 Coinage and monetary economies 159 Svein H. Gullbekk 11 Viking ships and the sea 170 Jan Bill 12 Viking Age textiles 181 Annika Larsson 13 Handicrafts 186 John Ljungkvist Warfare and weaponry 14 Raiding and warfare 193 Gareth Williams 15 Viking weaponry 204 Anne Pedersen vi — Contents — Pre-Christian religion and belief 16 The religion of the Vikings 212 Anders Hultgdrd (1) The Old Norse gods 219 Jens Peter Schpdt (2) Cult leaders, rulers and religion 223 Olof Sundqvist (3) Rulers as offspring of gods and giantesses: on the mythology of pagan Norse rulership 227 Gro Steinsland (4) The creation of Old Norse mythology 231 Margaret Clunies Ross 17 Popular religion in the Viking Age 235 Catharina Raudvere (1) Sorcery and circumpolar traditions in Old Norse belief 244 Neil Price 18 The material culture of Old Norse religion 249 Anne-Sofie Graslund 19 Dying and the dead: Viking Age mortuary behaviour 257 Neil Price Language, literature and art 20 The Scandinavian languages in the Viking Age 274 Michael P. Barnes 21 Runes 281 Henrik Williams 22 Poetry in the Viking Age 291 Judith Jesch (1) The performance of the Poetic Edda 299 Terry Gunnell 23 The Icelandic sagas 304 Lars Lonnroth (1) Snorri Sturluson: his life and work 311 Anthony Faulkes (2) The sagas of Icelanders 315 Gudrun Nordal (3) The heroic and legendary sagas 319 Stephen Mitchell 24 The development of Viking art 323 David M. Wilson — Contents — PART II: THE VIKING EXPANSION The British Isles 25 Vikings in England 341 Clare Downham 26 Vikings in Insular chronicling 350 David N. Dumville 27 Viking settlement in England 368 Julian D. Richards (1) The creation of the Danelaw 375 Dawn M. Hadley (2) York 379 Richard Hall (3) The Isle of Man 385 David M. Wilson 28 Scandinavian place names in the British Isles 391 Gillian Fellows-Jensen 29 The Vikings in Wales 401 Mark Redknap 30 The Norse in Scotland 411 James H. Barrett 31 The Vikings and Ireland 428 Donnchadh 6 Corrdin 32 Archaeological evidence for the different expressions of Scandinavian settlement in Ireland, 840—1100 434 Patrick F. Wallace Continental Europe and the Mediterranean 33 Scandinavia and the Continent in the Viking Age 439 Johan Callmer (1) The Duchy of Normandy 453 Jean Renaud (2) The Viking conquest of Brittany 458 Neil Price 34 The Vikings in Spain, North Africa and the Mediterranean 462 Neil Price The Baltic 35 The Viking Age in Finland 470 Torsten Edgren 36 The Vikings and the eastern Baltic 485 Heiki Valk Vlll — Contents — Russia and the east 37 The Viking Rus and Byzantium . 496 Jonathan Shepard 38 The Vikings in the east 517 Fjodor Androshchuk 39 The Vikings and Islam 543 Egil Mikkelsen 40 Arabic sources on the Vikings 550 J.E. Montgomery The North Atlantic 41 The North Atlantic expansion 562 Gisli SigurSsson 42 Iceland 571 Jon ViSar Sigurdsson (1) The Faroe Islands 579 Simun V. Arge 43 The Norse settlements in Greenland 588 Jette Arneborg (1) The North Atlantic farm: an environmental view 598 Paul Buckland 44 The discovery of Vinland 604 Birgitta Wallace (1) Norse and natives in the eastern Arctic 613 Patricia Sutherland PART III: SCANDINAVIA ENTERS THE EUROPEAN STAGE The coming of Christianity 45 Christianisation and the emergence of the early Church in Scandinavia 621 Stefan Brink 46 Runestones and the Christian missions 629 Anne-Sofie Graslund and Linn Lager (1) The material culture of the Christianisation 639 Anne-Sofie Graslund The development of nation states (rtki) 47 The creation of Norway 645 Claus Krag 48 The emergence of Denmark and the reign of Harald Bluetooth 652 Else Roesdahl IX — Contents — (i) Cnut the Great and his empire 665 Niels Lund The emergence of Sweden 668 Thomas Lindkvist Index 675 .