Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924096224914 3 1924 096 224 914 fyxmll ^nivmii^ Jibavg THE GIFT OF .-a,... A^-l.'' '^<:>.".:i-.- ?.i..o./.p.¥.. >'' I" ./'..f^' '/7> fc,r.,'^ "•«>'5:3*' -^"'•'f-r T "'SM^^Wga: ;:fj,ga^'^ ?L^V,"^ , >.;J=^7?5^ •Bu,.,„„.,/( »:'*^(^'J fil'OII ,i.i.iK;,vna ,-^)i^uiii,.'i;Aj5. !: :• f J.- y I s c) tl •\ •?,„„7,(<>i»/A/'::;'""-^"' i.oi II K I' 'V\ A N () >f 1 »• JiO/OTSi lA S .'/rtW ./.W,mc/.wr.tV G T*' * ,Gu l-T,iii;.Ai ,:iw.v/, .v/,„.,/„„„ h'.,.-r-.IUI,7l..-li-^^ .1 lliiiiiLii'Ji - v.'"' Jiiil.'J,.-!.-/,., itr^lmirt Jhtboo Erin nit i ! I^Hut'h^^ (T H -. > / R A T T D) bfffn' Ombo V* ^ Saga. OttifU/ ?*? 1?^ rnrnroctl siuihyjitfftmj I- -V" II (> (> Knlithnh Dhulifi nWi, Ts?. ">J^ B a"" 4" 1' Bus f Kii^lijJi Snaittr mirn. 4^ H(n.w.„ «„, W ;i <1 V /'"fe ,N., o b a /(fcort Shnbrtr, ^ _ l,,.„„„b.,r Jyv/vi- (Hiurby a ^'"'f Of C.TT'oi f'liiiii-nr '^WufiitaMt. CC/ .A*' 'i)i»rzr<,TO,.fei.A !!•>''' /^iili'^l o| a t a 11 el S II I. Ediabiiri^ t London. THE NILE, gotes fcrr ^rabcllcrs iit €0pt. THE NILE. Jiotes for Cratelkrs in ®05|it. ~ , A' BY EyA." WALLIS BUDGE, Litt.D., D.Lit., F.S.A., KEEPER OF THE EGYPTIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITJESj BRITISH MUSEUM. FIFTH EDITION. WITH A MAP, PLANS, ^c. LONDON : THOS. COOK & SON (EGYPT), Ltd. LUDGATE CIRCUS. CAIRO : TIIOS. COOK & SON (EGYPT), Ltd 1S97. [E>i(cred at Stationer's Kail} HARHISOK AND SON=;, HEK MAJE rE.NTERS IN ORDINAKV TO LONDON. ST. martin's lank, INTRODUCTION. Having for some years felt the insufficiency of the infornnation given by Dragomans to travellers on the Nile, and finding with one or two striking exceptions how limited is their knowledge of facts relating to the history of the antiquities in Upper Egypt, Messrs. Thos. Cook and Son have arranged ^vith Dr. E. A. Wallis Budge to compile the following pages, which they have much pleasure in presenting to every passenger under their Nile arrangements on their Tourist Steamers and Dhahabiyyehs. In this way passengers will no longer be liable to be misled (unintentionally) by Dragomans, but will be able at their leisure to prepare themselves for what they have to see, and thus by an agreeable study add to the interest with which their visits to the various places are made. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. The short descriptions of the principal Egyptian monuments on each side of the Nile between Cairo and the Second Cataract (Wadi Halfah), printed in the following pages, are not in any way intended to form a "Guide to Egypt": they are drawn up for the use of those travellers who have a very few weeks to spend in Egypt, and who wish to carry in their memories some of the more important facts connected with the fast-perishing remains of one of the most interesting and ancient civilizations that has been developed on the face of the earth. The existing guide books are generally too voluminous and diffuse for such travellers ; and are, moreover, in many respects inaccurate. Experience has shown that the greater number of travellers in that countrj' are more interested in history and matters connected with Egyptian civilization from 13.C. 4400 to B.C. 450, than with Egypt under the rule of the Assyrians X PREFACE. of our dates want bringing down lower, and he places the beginning of the Xllth dynasty at about IJ.C. 1500, instead of about B.C. 2500. Although these researches already enable us to rectify many im- portant points in the chronology of Egypt, it has been thought best to retain for the present the system of the late Dr. H. Brugsch. In this edition descriptions of the principal monuments in the Gizeh Museum have been added ; of the tomb of Nekht has been inserted a description ; the chapter on the Egyptian religion has been enlarged ; and several new illustrations have been given. A brief notice of the splendid results obtained from the exca\-ations carried out by M. de Morgan has also been inserted on pp. 395 ff. E. A. Wallis Budge. Aui^usi 20, 1897. — CONTENTS. Map of Egypt Introduction V Preface to the Third Edition ... vii-.x Egyptian History and its sources 1 Historical Summary Ancient Empire 9 Middle Empire 12 New Empire 14 Persians ... 17 Macedonians 17 Ptolemies ... 18 Romans 19 The Byzantines 2 2 Muhammadans 23 Dates assigned to the Egyptian Dynasties by Egypto- logists 27 The Country of Egypt 28 The Nomes of Egypt 29 The Ancient Egyptians 32 The Modern Egyptians 3G The Nile 45 Egyptian Writing 5° A list of some Hieroglyphic Signs 62 Arabic Alphabet 68 Coptic Alphabet 69 Egyptian Months 70 . XU CONTENTS. TAOE The Religion and Gods of Egypt 72 Alexandria The Pharos 19 Pompey's Pillar . Cleopatra's Needles Catacombs -J Damanhur [23 Kafr ez-Zaiyat ... 23 Tanta ... -3 Benha el-'Asal ... 23 Rosetta Stone ... 24 Suez and the Suez C'anal t-S Shibin el-Kanatir ... 29 Zakazik and Tell-Basta 32 Abu Hammad 132 Tell el-Kebir j~ Mahsamah 132 Isma'iliya ... [32 Nefisheh ... j~ Tanis 35 Cairo '36 Coptic Churches ... t37 Mosques ... [41 Tombs of the Khalifs 146 Tombs of the Mamelukes 146 The Citadel [46 Joseph's Well [47 The Library 147 Ezbekiyeh Garden 147 The Nilometer at Rorla 148 The Museum at Gizeh 149-219 Heliopolis 220 The Pyramids of Gizeh 222 The Great Pyramid 224 The Second Pyramid 228 . CONTENTS. xui PAOB The Third Pyramid 230 The Sphinx The Temple of the Sphinx 234 The Tomb of Numbers 234 Campbell's Tomb 23s The Pyramids of Abu-Roash .. 23s The Pyramids of Abusir 23s Bedrashen, Memphis, and Sakkarah 237 The Statue of Rameses II. 240 The Step Pyramid 241 Pyramid of Unas . 242 Pyramid of Teta ... 242 Pyramid of Pepi I. 243 The Serapeum 244 The Tomb of Thi 245 Mariette's House 249 The Pyramids of DahshCir 250 The Quarries of Ma'sara and 250 The Pyramid of Medum 250 Wasta and the Fayyum 251 Beni Suef 253 Maghaghah 254 Cynopolis 254 Convent of the Pulley. 254 Minyeh... 256 Beni Hasan 256 Roda 260 Malawi ... 261 Haggi Kandil .. 261 Gebel Abu Fadah 263 Manfahtt 263 Asyijt ... 263 Abu Tig 264 'Fahtah 264 Suhak 264 CONTENTS. The White and Red Monasteries CONTENTS. XV PAGE Kom Ombo ... ... ... ... ... ... 330 Aswan ... ... ... ... .. ... ... 332 Elephantine ... ... ... ... ... ... 333 The First Cataract ... ... ... ... ... 336 PhilcS 339 The Nile between the First and Second Cataracts 343-358 Dabod 345 Kardash ... ... ... ... ... ... 345 WadiTafah 345 Kalabshi ... ... ... ... 345 Bet el-Wali 346 Dendur ... ... ... ... 347 Gerf-Hussen ... ... ... • ... ... 347 Dakkeh 347 Kuban ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 349 Wadi Sebfta 349 Korosko ... ... ... ... ..• ... 350 Amada ... ... ... •• • • ••• 350 Derr 351 Abd-Simbel 351 Wadi Halfah 357 List of the Hieroglyphic Names of the Principal Kings of Egypt 359-394 Recent Excavations in Egypt 395-411 Index 412-442 — NOTES FOR TRA.VELLERS IN EGYPT. EGYPTIAN HISTORY. The history of Kgypt is the oldest history known to us. It is true that the earHest of the Babylonian kings whose names are known lived very little later than the earliest kings of Egypt, nevertheless our knowledge of the early Egyptian is greater than of the early Babylonian kings. A large portion of Egyptian history can be constructed from the native records of the Egyptians, and it is now possible to correct and modify many of the statements upon this subject made by Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus and other classical authors. The native and other docu- ments from which Egyptian history is obtained are : I. Lists of Kings found in the Turin Papyrusy the Tablet of Abydos, the Tablet of Sakkarah, and the Tablet of Karnak. The Turin papyrus contained a complete list of kings, beginning with the god-kings and continuing down to the end of the rule of tlie Hyksos, about B.C. 1700. The name of each king during this period, together with the length of his reign in years, months and days, was given, and it would have been, beyond all doubt, the most valuable of all documents for the chronology of the oldest period of Egyptian history, if scholars had been able to make use of it in the perfect condition in which it was B ; 2 NOTES FOR TRAVELLERS IN EGYPT. discovered. 'When it arrived in Turin, however, it was found to be broken into more than one hundred and fifty fragments. So far back as 1824, Champollion recognized the true value of the fragments, and placed some of them in their chronological order. Its evidence is of the greatest importance for the history of the Xlllth and XlVth dynas- ties, because in this section the papyrus is tolerably perfect for the earlier dynasties it is of very little use. On the monuments each Egyptian king has usually two names, the prenomen and the nomen ; each of these is contained in a cartouche.* Thus the prenomen of III. is i*-"^ Ra-men-cheper, and his Thothmes ( © O ] nomen is CM) Tehuti-mes. Ra-men-cheper means somelhing like " Ra (the Sun-god) establishes becoming or existence;" Tehuti-mes means "born of Thoth," or "Thoth's son." These names are quite distinct from his titles. Before the prenomen comes the title ;j?\^ suU'i net, \ " King of the North and South," and after it comes fe:;^ se Ha, "son of the Sun," preceding the nomen.