The ‘My Lai Massacre’ Narrative in American History and Memory: A Story of American Conservatism Eric Stewart A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the MA degree in History Department of History Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa © Eric Stewart, Ottawa, Canada 2015 Abstract This thesis uses the referent “My Lai Massacre” to refer to the mythic memory of what happened in Son My on 16 March, 1968. It argues that it is a fitting name for the way it captures the ethnocentrism of the memory in the name by perpetuating an American misnomer rooted in ignorance. It also singularizes the scope of horrors of the day, and fails to differentiate ‘the massacre’ from the domestic turmoil with which it was conflated. The My Lai Massacre narrative as it currently exists in American history and memory is ‘exceptionalist’ in that it incorporates and excludes story elements in such a way that casts it as a highly exceptional occurrence. The main argument of this thesis is that American history and memory of the ‘My Lai Massacre’ have, to a large degree, been defined and shaped by conservative influences. In the time since the news of the atrocities became public this has manifested itself in a number of way and is not confined to conservative histories of the war. Despite the hold liberal orthodox scholarship has on the history of the war, there remains within it, this thesis argues, a conservative trend regarding the massacres in Son My. Reactions, explanations, and rationalizations that appeared in early conservative responses to news of the massacres have survived into a wider ideological spectrum of Vietnam scholarship and memory than that from which it came. Although it seems at first consideration an unlikely event from which a usable past might be constructed, the My Lai Massacre does get used in a didactic manner. This thesis examines some of the most prevalent ways the memory of My Lai functions as a usable past. The My Lai Massacre has been incorporated into a number of ‘lessons of the past’ that tend to be derived from conservative narratives of the war. ii Acknowledgments I would like to thank Heather Murray for her enthusiasm for my project. Heather was a constant source of technical and theoretical guidance, as well as moral support. I would also like to acknowledge the support I received through the History Department. In particular, I wish to thank Béatrice Craig for pointing me in the direction of graduate studies at a time when I had never considered it a possibility. Of course I am also grateful for the financial support from the University of Ottawa and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, without which I could not have completed this thesis. Finally, and most significantly, I thank my partner Sylvie Webert for her unwavering encouragement, support, and patience at home. iii Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... iv Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: THE MASSACRES IN SON MY ....................................................................................... 15 Geography ............................................................................................................................................... 18 Task Force Barker ................................................................................................................................... 21 The Operational Orders ........................................................................................................................... 24 The Operation ......................................................................................................................................... 26 Air Traffic ............................................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 2: CONSERVATIVES AND THE MY LAI MASSACRE .................................................... 46 Early Conservative Reactions ................................................................................................................. 52 The Culture War Climate ........................................................................................................................ 61 CHAPTER 3: EXCEPTIONALIZING THE ‘MY LAI MASSACRE’ ...................................................... 73 What and Where ..................................................................................................................................... 75 Who ......................................................................................................................................................... 83 Soldiers’ Stories ...................................................................................................................................... 91 Photographs............................................................................................................................................. 95 The News ................................................................................................................................................ 99 CHAPTER 4: FORGING A USABLE PAST .......................................................................................... 107 Losing Wars .......................................................................................................................................... 112 Only in America .................................................................................................................................... 117 Heroes and Victims ............................................................................................................................... 122 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 137 Appendix ................................................................................................................................................... 143 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 146 Primary Sources .................................................................................................................................... 146 Secondary Sources ................................................................................................................................ 155 iv Introduction On 23 March 2014, one week after the 46th anniversary of massacres committed by American soldiers in Son My village during the Vietnam War – often remembered as the ‘My Lai massacre’ – media outlets were reporting on the story once again. This time the story seemed to carry a bit more substance than the obligatory harking back usually saved for major anniversaries. The news item was about the addition of former Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman’s personal notes to the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. One of the notes revealed that members of the Nixon administration, including the president, intended to interfere with the My Lai investigation by discrediting witnesses.1 Certainly this was a newsworthy story, yet the CBS report received about as much attention as Haldeman’s notes did when they were originally made public – 28 years ago. Maybe it was because the news concerned a dead president whose reputation is already sullied (‘why kick a guy when he’s down?’). It may also have been that many Americans believe, as a later president put it, the statute of limitations had been reached on Vietnam long ago.2 Whatever the case, the coming and going of the recent news story is somewhat similar to America’s memory of the massacre, more broadly speaking: not because America has forgotten the massacre, but because the nation’s memory of it has settled on a particular mythology and there is little interest in disturbing the layer of sediment obscuring the real complexities of the atrocities committed in Son My. 1 Evie Salomon, “Document Points to Nixon in My Lai Cover-Up Attempt” CBSNews.com, 23 March, 2014. Online: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/document-points-to-nixon-in-my-lai-cover-up-attempt/. Accessed 30 March, 2014. 2 George H. W. Bush, Inaugural Address, 20 January, 1989. Online: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16610&st=&st1=. Accessed 20 January, 2014. 1 Kendrick Oliver noted in the preface to The My Lai Massacre in American History and Memory, that speaking and writing about the ‘My Lai massacre’ involves a “necessary, if unfortunate, fiction.”3 He refers to the fact that the name ‘My Lai’ is a misnomer in that it was not the name used by the inhabitants of the area but rather it was an American designation. Unfortunately the proper names of the sub-hamlets in which the atrocities were committed remain largely unknown to the greater public in America.4 The ‘fiction’