ISSN 0973-1830 Volume 12: 2014 Number 1 SOYBEAN RESEARCH Society for Soybean Research and Development Directorate of Soybean Research Khandwa Road, Indore 452 001 Madhya Pradesh, India Society for Soybean Research and Development (Founded in 2003) (Registration No. 03/27/03/07918/04) EXECUTIVE COUNCIL President : Dr. Girish Kumar Gupta Vice President : Dr. S. D. Billore : Dr. Pushpendra General Secretary : Dr. Amar Nath Sharma Joint Secretary : Dr. R. Ramtake Treasurer : Dr. Mohd. Masaud Ansari Members : Central Zone : Dr. Purushottam Sharma and Dr. D. S Meena : North Plain Zone : Dr. Shushil Pande : North Hill Zone : Dr. Sher Singh : North Eastern Zone : Dr. A. K. Singh : Southern Zone : Dr. R. H. Patil Editor-in-Chief : Dr. O. P. Joshi MEMBERSHIP TARIFF Annual Subscription India Abroad Individual Rs. 500/- US$ 125/- Students Rs. 250/- UD$ 100/- Institutions Rs. 2000/- US$ 200/- Corporate Rs. 20000/- US$ 2000/- Life Membership Rs. 3000/- US$ 1000/- (Add Admission Fees Rs. 50/- or US$ 5/- to above subscription) NAAS RATING 3.4 SOYBEAN RESEARC ISSN 0973-1830 Volume 12(1): 2014 _______________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS Research papers Developing Drought Tolerance in Soybean Using Physiological Approaches 1 V S Bhatia and Kanchan Jumrani Genetic Variability, Association and Path Analyses in Advanced Generation 20 Fixed Lines of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] Badkul Amrita, A N Shrivastava, Rajani Bisen and Stuti Mishra Residual Relative Heterosis and Heterobeltiosis for Different Agro- 28 morphological Traits in Early Segregating Generations of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] Crosses Anuradha Bhartiya, Kamendra Singh, J P Aditya, Pushpendra and Manoj Gupta Productivity of Four Soybean Varieties as Affected by Intercropping with 36 Corn Planting Geometry A M Abdel-Galil, T I Abdel-Wahab and SH I Abdel-Wahab Root Dynamics in Soybean (Glycine max L.) under Two Moisture Regimes 59 Patil Malagouda, Kumari Basamma and B N Jagadeesh Effect of Irrigation Levels on Yield and Water Productivity of Soybean under 69 Vertisols D S Meena, R S Narolia, Baldev Ram, R K Mahawar, Pratap Singh and H R Chaudhary Effect of Purple Seed Stain Disease on Physical and Biochemical Traits of 77 Soybean Girish Kumar Gupta, Sushil Kumar Sharma, Vineet Kumar and Rajkumar Ramteke Study of Changes in Some Parameters of Soybean in Response to Industrial 85 Air Pollutants Sanjeeda Iqbal, Aarti Chouhan and Angurbala Bafna Economics of Soybean Cultivation and Analysis of Production Constraints in 97 Central Narmada Valley of Madhya Pradesh R F Ahirwar, U S Thakur and R K Bhatnagar Short communications Impact of Integrated Input Resource Management on Production and Nutrient 104 Uptake of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] G D Sharma, Rishikesh Thakur and D L Kauraw Microbial Utilization of Soybean Processing Mill Wastes for Composting 110 Pushpendra Singh, Mahaveer P Sharma and S K Srivastava An official publication of Society for Soybean Research and Development, Indore The ‘Soybean Research’ is indexed in Soybean Abstract of CAB International, UK and Indian Science Abstracts of NISCAIR, India The Society for Soybean Research and Development thankfully acknowledges the financial assistance received from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi for printing of the Journal. Soybean Research 12(1): 1-19 (2014) Developing Drought Tolerance in Soybean Using Physiological Approaches V S BHATIA1, KANCHAN JUMRANI*2 and G P PANDEY*3 Directorate of Soybean Research, Khandwa Road, Indore 452 001, India *School of Life Sciences, DAVV, Indore 452 001 E mail: [email protected] Received: 06.06.2013.; Accepted: 25.07.2013 ABSTRACT In recent years soybean has become a predominant rainy season oilseed crop under rainfed agro- ecosystem in India. However, the average productivity of crop continues to be very low as compared to world average as well as its climatic potential in India. Occurrence of drought at one or the other stages of crop growth is attributed as one of the major factors responsible for low productivity of soybean in India. Therefore, in order to improve the productivity and sustainability of soybean in India, there is an urgent need to make systematic efforts to develop genotypes which are better adapted to drought conditions. Physiological dissection of complex traits like drought is a first step to understand the genetic control of tolerance. Identification of physiological traits and genetic sources possessing such traits will ultimately enhance the efficiency of conventional as well as molecular breeding strategies for drought tolerance. The current review highlights the efforts needed to characterize the soybean growing environment in India and need to exploit germplasm in developing drought tolerance in soybean using physiological and biochemical traits. Also, the review analyses the present gaps in research and required focus to fill these gaps in order to utilize these traits for developing future soybean plant which is tolerant to drought conditions. Key words: Breeding, drought, physiological traits, soybean, India Among modern agricultural formulated feeds for poultry and fish. commodities, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Currently the crop is grown in 103 Merrill] has a prominent place as the world‟s million ha globally with an annual most important seed legume, which production of 261 million tons and contributes 25 per cent to the global average productivity of 2 533 kg per ha vegetable oil production, about two thirds of (FAOSTAT, 2013). India ranks fourth in the world‟s protein concentrate for livestock terms of area and fifth in production of feeding and is a valuable ingredient in soybean in the world. 1Principal Scientist; 2Research Scholar; 3Reader 1 The commercial cultivation of per ha) (Bhatia et al., 2008). Several abiotic, soybean in India commenced in late sixties; biotic and socio-economic factors, thereafter it has made an unprecedented responsible for low productivity of soybean phenomenal growth, having no parallel in in India have been identified (Paroda, 1999; the crop history world over (Bhatia et al., Joshi and Bhatia, 2003). Due to rainfed 2011). Starting from an area of just 30, 000 ha nature, occurrence of severe drought in 1970, soybean has reached to 10.69 million conditions at one or the other stages of ha in 2012 (SOPA, 2013). The production and crop growth and development is the most productivity levels of 14 000 tons and 0.43 t important factor limiting soybean per ha in 1970 have increased to 14.14 productivity in India (Joshi and Bhatia, million tons and 1.2 t per ha in 2012, 2003). The current climate in terms of respectively (DAC, 2013). Although, the drought and temperature are already contribution of India in the world soybean affecting the productivity of soybean and the area is 10 per cent, it is only 4 per cent in problem is expected to further accentuate in total world‟s production indicating its future (IPCC, 2007). As the livelihood of relatively lower productivity as compared to millions of small and marginal farmers World average. depends on this crop and looking at its At present the area under soybean is importance in country‟s oil economy, there is mainly spread in latitudinal belt of about 15 an urgent need to improve soybean to 250 N comprising the states of Madhya productivity, which can be achieved mainly Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, by improving the resistance/tolerance to Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and drought. Karnataka (Bhatia et al., 2008). Besides Barring a few efforts, no improving the socio-economic conditions of systematic studies have been taken up to small and marginal farmers of the country, develop drought tolerant soybean varieties the crop contributes 25 per cent of the total in India in the past. The lack of such edible oil produced in the country and earns efforts is attributed to non-availability of substantial amount of foreign exchange (INR proper screening facilities, lacking clear 70 000 million) by exporting defatted oil cake knowledge on nature of drought and its (DOC) (Paroda, 1999; Bhatia et al., 2011). As impact on soybean and most importantly soybean is the cheapest source of high poor understanding of physiological and quality protein, the crop has potential to biochemical responses of Indian soybean alleviate large scale protein malnutrition in varieties to drought occurring with the country. varying intensities at different stages of Despite the spectacular growth in growth. The following review highlights area and production, the average the efforts needed to developing drought productivity of the crop (1.2 t/ha) in India is tolerance in soybean using physiological less than half the world average (2.53 t/ha) and biochemical traits. Also the review and one third of its climatic potential (3.5 t analyses the present gaps in research and 2 required focus to fill these gaps in order to growth and soil water depletion and have utilize these traits for developing future been shown to characterize water-limited soybean plant which is tolerant to drought environments better when compared with conditions. standard indices computed from climatic data (Muchow et al., 1996; Chenu et al., Characterization of soybean growing 2011). environments Progress in plant improvement for Genetic resources yield relies on the identification of genotypes better adapted to their environment. Trait introgression into a single Therefore, to maximize the impact of using genetic background either through specific