INTEGRATED TOURISM MASTER PLAN BOROBUDUR – YOGYAKARTA – PRAMBANAN (ITMP-BYP) RENCANA PENGELOLAAN PENGUNJUNG CANDI BOROBUDUR Edisi 31 Maret 2020 . Rencana Induk Pariwisata Terpadu untuk Borobudur–Yogyakarta–Prambanan Rencana Pengelolaan Pengunjung Borobudur Daftar Isi 1. Rencana Pengelolaan Situs Warisan Dunia......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Persyaratan Rencana .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Tujuan Rencana ....................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Struktur Rencana .................................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Kebijakan dan Visi ................................................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Metodologi .............................................................................................................................................. 3 2. Kawasan Warisan Budaya Dunia Borobudur (Borobudur Temple Compounds) .................................... 5 2.1 Lokasi Kawasan Warisan Budaya Dunia Borobudur ............................................................................... 5 2.2 Lingkungan Sekitar Kawasan Warisan Budaya Dunia Borobudur .......................................................... 7 2.3 Sejarah Kawasan Warisan Budaya Dunia Borobudur ............................................................................. 8 2.4 Struktur Bangunan Candi ...................................................................................................................... 16 2.5 Pernyataan Nilai Universal Luar Biasa .................................................................................................. 23 2.6 Lembaga Pengelola ............................................................................................................................... 36 2.7 Keadaan Pelestarian ............................................................................................................................. 40 2.8 Borobudur Sebagai Landskap Budaya................................................................................................... 42 2.9 Kebijakan Pengembangan Pariwisata Borobudur................................................................................. 48 2.10 Perbandingan Borobudur Dengan WHS Budaya Lainnya ..................................................................... 51 2.11 Sosial Ekonomi Budaya ......................................................................................................................... 55 2.12 Ekosistem .............................................................................................................................................. 61 2.13 Konektivitas dan Aksesibilitas ............................................................................................................... 62 2.14 Pariwisata Borobudur ........................................................................................................................... 68 2.15 Daya Dukung / Carrying Capacity ......................................................................................................... 83 3. Permasalahan Kunci ........................................................................................................................ 94 3.1 Peraturan, Institusi Manajemen, dan Tata Kelola ................................................................................ 97 3.2 Kontrol Pengunjung ............................................................................................................................ 102 3.3 Sosial, Budaya, Ekonomi ..................................................................................................................... 107 3.4 Pelestarian Candi ................................................................................................................................ 110 4. Rekomendasi Regulasi dan Institusi ............................................................................................... 112 5. Rekomendasi Kontrol Pengunjung ................................................................................................. 119 5.1 Pengaturan Pola Pengunjung Mikro –Zona 1 ..................................................................................... 119 5.2 Pengaturan Pola Pengunjung Mezo Melalui Penataan Zona 2 ........................................................... 127 5.3 Pengaturan Pengunjung Makro Melalui Penataan Zona 3 ................................................................. 128 6. Rekomendasi-Perencanaan Tata Ruang ......................................................................................... 131 7. Rekomendasi - Standar Desain ...................................................................................................... 133 8. Rekomendasi – Interpretasi Borobudur ......................................................................................... 137 8.1 Apa Itu Interpretasi? ........................................................................................................................... 137 8.2 Penggunaan Interpretasi..................................................................................................................... 138 8.3 Apa Yang Membuat Interpretasi Menjadi Baik? ................................................................................. 138 8.4 Audiens untuk Interpretasi di Borobudur ........................................................................................... 139 8.5 Rekomendasi Interpretasi di Borobudur ............................................................................................ 141 8.6 Pelaksanaan Strategi Interpretasi ....................................................................................................... 145 8.7 Contoh Penerapan Interpretasi di Situs Warisan Budaya dan Alam .................................................. 145 9. Rekomendasi Untuk Pelestarian Candi .......................................................................................... 154 i Rencana Induk Pariwisata Terpadu Borobudur-Yogyakarta-Prambanan Rencana Pengelolaan Pengunjung Borobudur 10. Penilaian Dampak Warisan Dunia Borobudur ................................................................................ 155 10.1 Penilaian Dampak Melalui Heritage Impact Assesment (HIA) ............................................................ 155 10.2 Monitoring dan Evaluasi WHS Borobudur ......................................................................................... 170 Daftar Pustaka ....................................................................................................................... 186 Lampiran A: Survei Perilaku Pengunjung ................................................................................. 188 ii Rencana Induk Pariwisata Terpadu Borobudur-Yogyakarta-Prambanan Rencana Pengelolaan Pengunjung Borobudur Daftar Gambar Gambar 1 : Lokasi Candi Borobudur ............................................................................................................................. 5 Gambar 2 : Kawasan Borobudur Menurut Perpres No.58 Tahun 2014 ........................................................................ 6 Gambar 3 : Hubungan Borobudur-Pawon-Mendut ...................................................................................................... 7 Gambar 4 : 4 Irisan Melintang Candi Borobudur .......................................................................................................... 9 Gambar 5: Tahapan Pembangunan Candi Borobudur ................................................................................................ 11 Gambar 6 : Foto Pertama Borobudur oleh Isidore van Kinsbergen (1873) ................................................................ 13 Gambar 7: Pemugaran Candi Borobudur.................................................................................................................... 14 Gambar 8 : Denah Candi Borobudur........................................................................................................................... 16 Gambar 9 : Kosmologi Candi Borobudur .................................................................................................................... 17 Gambar 10 : Bagian Kamadhatu ................................................................................................................................. 18 Gambar 11 : Bagian Rupadhatu .................................................................................................................................. 19 Gambar 12 : Bagian Arupadhatu ................................................................................................................................ 20 Gambar 13 : Posisi Kisah Dalam Relief Borobudur ..................................................................................................... 21 Gambar 14 : Candi Borobudur – Pawon – Mendut .................................................................................................... 23 Gambar 15 : Zoning Plan Borobudur (Masterplan JICA, 1979) ................................................................................... 43 Gambar 16: Pembagian Area Bardasarkan Perpres 58 Tahun 2014