Mohammad N. Miraly Faculty of Religious Studies Mcgill University, Montreal April 2012

Mohammad N. Miraly Faculty of Religious Studies Mcgill University, Montreal April 2012

FAITH AND WORLD CONTEMPORARY ISMAILI SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT Mohammad N. Miraly Faculty of Religious Studies McGill University, Montreal April 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Religious Studies © 2012 Mohammad N. Miraly TO MY F ATHER AND M OTHER TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract i Résumé iii Acknowledgements v An Historical Note on Ismailism vii 1 Opening 1 2 The Study 15 Part I: 3 Speaking About Ismailism 24 4 The Contemporary Ismaili Historical Narrative 59 5 Ismaili Approaches to the Qur’an 103 6 The AKDN in Afghanistan: Ethos and Praxis 114 Part II: 7 Democracy, Secularism, and Social Ethics 138 8 Pluralism and Civic Culture 159 9 Knowledge and Learning 185 10 Closing: The Transnational Ismaili in Canada 202 Postscript: Wither Neutrality? 213 Appendix A: Preamble to the Constitution of the Shi`a Imami Ismaili Muslims 216 Appendix B: AKDN Organisation Chart 218 Selected Bibliography 219 ABSTRACT Contemporary Ismaili thought views the Ismaili tradition as connected to a historical past deriving from Qur’anic principles and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and his heirs, the Shi`a Imams. Thus, contemporary Ismailism’s focus on liberal values like democracy, pluralism, and education are articulated as contemporary forms of eternal Qur’anic ethical principles. The current and 49th Ismaili Imam, Aga Khan IV – who claims descent from the Prophet through his daughter, Fatima, and son-in-law, `Ali – articulates the principles of liberal democratic pluralism as the best means to realize ethical Islamic living in the present day. In order to fulfill what he articulates as his dual mandate to improve the quality of both the spiritual and material lives of his followers, he founded the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN). Through its rural development programmes, the AKDN teaches liberal values and best practices, and, furthermore, instills an overarching sense of loyalty and fraternity, becoming thereby a key instrument in the formation of the transnational Ismaili community. The Ismaili community concretises through the practical and ideological work of the Imamate institutions, such as the Institute of Ismaili Studies (IIS) in London (UK), an academic institution that publishes works on Ismaili history and thought. The IIS is the main source of contemporary scholarship about Ismailism, the study of which suffers from a lack of information due, in the main, to the tradition’s long history of persecution and marginalization within Islam. There is thus a lacuna of present-day academic scholarship about the tradition, especially regarding the contours of its contemporary thought. Considering the dearth of work by other scholars and the breadth of work by the Ismaili institutions, the IIS thus becomes a critical player in understanding contemporary Ismaili historiography and concerns. The body of literature relevant to this project is confined therefore to the scholars working in the fields of Ismaili history and historiography as well as those i who probe the confluence of contemporary Islamic and liberal political ethics. The main interpreter, however, of the contemporary Ismaili tradition is the Ismaili Imamate itself. While there is a lack of scholarly material about the work of the Imamate, there is an implicit historiography in the output of the Aga Khan – his speeches, interviews, and direction of the Imamate institutions – which highlights the themes that he and the Ismaili community consider relevant to their conception of the lived ethic of Islam in the modern world. The contemporary Ismaili construction of its own historical narrative paints a picture of an intellectually influential minority that buttresses its commitments to institutionalized education and ethical governance on an unshakeable dedication to the ethic of pluralism, supported by the strength of the interminable Imamate, which leads the community through the vicissitudes of recurring persecution. Contemporary Ismailism, therefore, relies heavily on its past to provide both legitimacy and impetus for its present. In the final analysis, contemporary Ismaili thought sees itself as grounded firmly in the Islamic tradition and, with the guidance of the Imam, as a liberal interpreter of Qur’anic principles. It sees its past as informing its present, and – though it views modern liberal values as concordant with Qur’anic ethics – it argues that its interpretation of the essential principles and ethics of the faith remains unchanged, but that, in accordance with Shi`i doctrine, it adjusts the shape of that faith to the form of the day. ii RÉSUMÉ La pensée ismaélienne contemporaine voit la tradition ismaélienne comme étant connectée à un passé historique basé sur des principes coraniques et les traditions du Prophète Muhammad et ses héritiers, les Imams chiites. Ainsi, les valeurs libérales comme la démocratie, le pluralisme et l'éducation au sein de l’ismaélisme contemporain sont en effet des formes contemporaines de principes éternels tirés de l’éthique coranique. Le 49e et actuel Imam de la communauté ismaélienne, l’Aga Khan IV - qui prétend descendre du Prophète par sa fille, Fatima, et son beau-fils, `Ali – a précisé que les principes du pluralisme démocratique libéral sont le meilleur moyen de réaliser une éthique de vie islamique à l'époque actuelle. Afin de soutenir son double mandat d'améliorer la qualité de vie spirituelle ainsi que la qualité de vie matérielle de ses disciples, il a fondé Le Réseau Aga Khan de développement (AKDN). Grâce à ses programmes de développement rural, l'AKDN enseigne des valeurs libérales et les meilleures pratiques, et, de plus, est capable d’inspirer un sentiment universel de loyauté et de fraternité. Ainsi, l'AKDN est devenu un instrument clé dans la formation de la communauté ismaélienne transnationale. La communauté ismaélienne est fortifiée à travers le travail pratique et idéologique des institutions de l’Imamat, comme l'Institut d’Études ismaéliennes (IIS) de Londres (Royaume-Uni), une institution universitaire qui publie des ouvrages sur l'histoire et la pensée ismaélienne. L'IIS est le principal centre de recherche contemporaine sur l'ismaélisme, une tradition qui souffre d'un manque d'information étant donné ses longues années de persécution et sa marginalisation dans la communauté islamique. Il y a donc un manque actuel d'études sur cette tradition, surtout en ce qui concerne les contours de sa pensée contemporaine. Vu cette négligence de la part des chercheurs et l'ampleur du travail réalisé par les institutions ismaéliennes, l'IIS joue ainsi un rôle essentiel dans la compréhension de l'historiographie ismaélienne contemporaine et les préoccupations de la communauté actuelle. iii La production littéraire ayant rapport aux buts de cette thèse se limite donc aux travaux des savants qui travaillent dans les domaines de l'histoire et l'historiographie ismaéliennes et aux travaux à propos de la confluence entre l'éthique islamique contemporaine et la politique libérale. L'interprète principal, cependant, de la tradition contemporaine ismaélienne est l'Imamat ismaélien lui-même. Malgré le manque d’études scientifiques sur le travail de l'Imamat, il y a une historiographie implicite dans la production de l'Aga Khan - ses discours, interviews, et sa direction des institutions de l'Imamat - qui puisse souligner les thèmes jugés pertinents par lui et par la communauté ismaélienne en ce qui concerne leur conception d’une éthique islamique bien adaptée au monde moderne. La construction de son propre récit historique par l’ismaélisme contemporain propose l’image d'une minorité influente et intellectuelle qui fortifie sa dévotion à l'éducation institutionnalisée et à la gouvernance éthique grâce à un dévouement inébranlable à l'éthique du pluralisme, soutenu par la force de l'Imamat interminable, qui guide la communauté à travers les vicissitudes de la persécution récurrente. Ismaélisme contemporain, donc, s'appuie fortement sur son passé pour sa légitimité et pour se donner un élan pour son présent. En dernière analyse, la pensée ismaélienne contemporaine se considère comme profondément ancrée dans la tradition islamique et, grâce aux conseils de l'Imam, elle se sert d’une interprétation libérale des principes coraniques. Elle voit son passé comme étant un guide pour son présent, et, en même temps qu’elle propose que les valeurs libérales modernes sont en accord avec l'éthique coranique, elle soutient aussi que son interprétation des principes essentiels et de l'éthique de sa foi n’ont jamais changés. En accord avec la doctrine chiite, d’ailleurs, elle sait ajustée la forme de sa foi à la vie contemporaine. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Nothing is done solo. A mind’s fruits are never the product of one man unaccompanied. That being said, the responsibility for the possible shortcomings of the efforts of my hand and brain lies with me. The responsibility for their possible success, however, extends beyond myself. I owe both the genesis and completion of this project to the insight and intellect of my co-supervisor, Prof Daniel Cere, who helped cull my embryonic thoughts into a defined idea. The project has benefited greatly from Prof Cere’s sophisticated analysis and articulation; all those who know him will remark with awe at his ability to take words and ideas and, without any indication of effort, make them better. I am grateful to have had the good fortune to benefit from his humility and his compassion. I am grateful also to Prof Barry Levy, who, as Dean, supported my ideas and entry into the Faculty. The current Dean, Prof Ellen Aitken, has been a source of constant encouragement and wise direction. I am grateful also to Profs Maurice Boutin and Patricia G. Kirkpatrick for their advice and encouragement at various times. I am glad also for the administrative staff – Samieun Khan, Francesca Maniaci, Luvana Di Francesco, Deborah McSorley, Bruna Salhany, Peggy Roger, and Shelly- Ann Soares – with whom I have shared both conviviality and smiles, and whose support and keenness during my application to the Faculty I recall with fondness.

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