Comprehensive Security and Cooperative Security in Southeast Asia: ASEAN’s and the ARF’s Responses to Non-Traditional Security Issues in the post-Cold War era Yih Chang Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences The University of New South Wales @ Australian Defence Force Academy December 2011 ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed …………………………………………….............. Date …………………………………………….............. PLEASE TYPE THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: Chang First name: Yih Other name/s: Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: Master of Philosophy School: Humanities and Social Sciences Faculty: Title: Comprehensive security and Cooperative security in Southeast Asia: ASEAN’s and the ARF’s Responses to Non- Traditional Security Issues in the post-Cold War era Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) This study applies the concepts of comprehensive and cooperative security in order to explore how Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) have dealt with non-traditional security (NTS) issues in Southeast Asia after the Cold War, and what individual countries’ strategic thinking affected when tackling these threats. In investigating the task, the dissertation considers a broad range of issues, including (but not limited to): the intrastate conflicts in East Timor, Aceh, and the southern Philippines; transnational crimes (with a focus here on narcotics) and terrorism; and the 2004 Indonesian tsunami and Cyclone Nargis. It is found that ASEAN and the ARF emphasized a common rhetorical position rather than initiated a collective strategy in dealing with these issues in the region; the national and the sub-regional efforts occurred mostly when seeking to tackle these threats. However, there has been an emergence of consensus in the aftermath of the 2004 tsunami and Cyclone Nargis, which takes a somewhat more proactive and positive stance in better responding to future natural disasters. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstracts International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………..……………… ……….……………………...…….… Signature Witness Date The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances and require the approval of the Dean of Graduate Research. FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Date of completion of requirements for Award: THIS SHEET IS TO BE GLUED TO THE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THE THESIS ABSTRACT This study applies the concepts of comprehensive and cooperative security in order to explore how Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) have dealt with non-traditional security (NTS) issues in Southeast Asia after the Cold War, and what individual countries’ strategic thinking affected when tackling these threats. In investigating the task, the dissertation considers a broad range of issues, including (but not limited to): the intrastate conflicts in East Timor, Aceh, and the southern Philippines; transnational crimes (with a focus here on narcotics) and terrorism; and the 2004 Indonesian tsunami and Cyclone Nargis. It is found that ASEAN and the ARF emphasized a common rhetorical position rather than initiated a collective strategy in dealing with these issues in the region; the national and the sub-regional efforts occurred mostly when seeking to tackle these threats. However, there has been an emergence of consensus in the aftermath of the 2004 tsunami and Cyclone Nargis, which takes a somewhat more proactive and positive stance in better responding to future natural disasters. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude toward my supervisor, Emeritus Professor Carlyle A. Thayer, for his never ending patience, guidance, and steering. On a more personnel note, I would like to thank my colleagues and friends from UNSW@ADFA, and Taiwanese Association of Canberra, Australia, in particular, Travis Wu and Chan-Feng Lin. Their constant support and an exceptional friendship helped me to keep going. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Alison Chiu and Alex Chang. The dissertation would be impossible without financial and emotional support from them. I am indebted to them for their faith in me, loving encouragement, and sensible advice. Without them, I could not have completed this dissertation. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………...…...ii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………..……iii Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………..…...iv List of Figures………………………………………………………………………….…...viii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………..…..ix Acronyms and Abbreviations……………………………………………………………..…x Chapter I: Introduction…………………………………………………………………...….1 1. Literature Review: The Emergence of the Concepts and Their Definitions…………...2 1.1 ASEAN as a comprehensive and cooperative security regime………………………...2 1.2 The ARF as a cooperative security regime………………………………………….....8 1.3 Non-traditional security in Southeast Asia……………………………………...…….14 2. Research Approach.............................................................................................................17 3. Chapters Structure…………………………………………………………………..…...17 Chapter II: Peacekeeping in Southeast Asia after the Cold War.......................................20 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...…..20 2. The Processes and Mechanisms of Conflict Management in ASEAN……………...….21 3. An Overview of the ARF’s Approaches to Peacekeeping during 1994-1997………….26 4. ASEAN members’ Responses to PKOs in Southeast Asia..............................................29 4.1 East Timor……………………………………………………………………...……29 4.2 Aceh………………………………………………………………………………....34 4.3 The southern Philippines………………………………………….............................39 iv 5. Lessons to be Learned..........................…………………………………………...………42 5.1The development of peacekeeping in the ARF: constraints and opportunities………………………………………………………………………..…..42 5.2 Evaluation of the advantages and the disadvantages in ASEAN’s contributions to PKOs in East Timor, Aceh, and the southern Philippines……………………………...45 6. Conclusion..........................…………………………………………………......................52 Chapter III: Regional and National Responses to Transnational Crimes and Terrorism in Southeast Asia………………………………………………………………………….…56 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….....56 2. Initial Responses to Transnational Crimes………………………………………...……58 2.1 ASEAN……………………………………………………………………...……...58 2.2 The ARF…..……………………………………………………………………..…63 3. After 9/11.........................................................................................................................…64 3.1 ASEAN’s initial responses to terrorism from 9/11 to the 2002 Bali bombings……64 3.2 ASEAN’s responses to the US role in counter-terrorism and its aftermath………..67 4. National Counter-Terrorism Measures..........................……………………………..…76 4.1 Indonesia-US…………………………………………………………………….....76 4.2 Indonesia-Australia……………………………………………………………...….82 4.3 Philippines-US……..…………………………………………….……………...….85 5. The Implication for ASEAN in Counter-Terrorism..........................………………......92 6. Counter-Terrorism Agenda in the ARF..........................…………………………….....95 7. Conclusion..........................………………………………..................................................99 Chapter IV: The Effects of the 2004 Tsunami and Cyclone Nargis upon Disaster Management Mechanisms and Strategic Thinking at the Regional and the National Levels…………………………………………………………………………………..……102 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...…102 v 2. The Development of Regional Disaster Management before the 2004 Tsunami…....105 2.1 ASEAN…………………………………………………………………………....105 2.2 The ARF…..………………………………………………………………..……..106 3. The Responses to the 2004 Tsunami................................................................................107