On a collision course? Sometimes these tricks of perspective are in the foreground, and NGC 3314B, in the Colliding or not? particularly dramatic because they imply background, are relatively undisturbed. The NGC 3314 looks like two spiral galaxies in the midst links between objects that are not even slight warping of NGC 3314A’s shape (its of a colossal collision, but they are at a safe distance close to each other. arms are more spread out below and to the from each other. The distortion in NGC 3314A’s shape right of the core) is actually thought to be (its arms are more spread out below and to the right of its core) is actually due to an interaction with another The galaxy pair NGC 3314A/B must be the due to an encounter with another nearby galaxy that is outside the frame. most eye-catching example of this. Although galaxy, perhaps NGC 3312, which is out of the two objects look for all the world like two the frame in this picture. spiral galaxies in the process of merging, even when you look closely, detailed meas- One thing that is totally clear in Hubble’s by the light coming from behind, making urements have shown that the two cannot image, however, is which galaxy lies in front them very clearly defined. NGC 3314B’s be interacting. of the other. The way in which they overlap dark and dusty regions, in contrast, seem makes their appearances dramatically far less defined because of the pale fog of The speeds at which the stars in the two different. The dust lanes of NGC 3314A, in billions of stars from NGC 3314A that lie in galaxies are moving show that NGC 3314A, the foreground, are dramatically silhouetted front. 148 Layout-replacing all images2.indd 148 27/09/2013 17:35 Telling points of light apart It isn’t just galaxies near and far that can This was particularly confusing when Because quasars are very distant, they confuse an onlooker. Many of the most quasars shone through the galaxies that can often be lensed by objects in the fore- important objects in astronomy appear lay in front of them. A bright dot on a galaxy ground, adding yet more confusion. The only as star-like points of light, even through image is usually, but not always, either a Twin Quasar, first spotted in the late 1970s, powerful telescopes such as Hubble. Even if very bright star within it or a foreground intrigued scientists, who thought they might most of these distant dots are indeed stars, star in the Milky Way. The spiral galaxy have spotted two quasars with very similar there are a few which are not. NGC 1073 is a perfect example of this. The properties close to each other in the sky. But three bright dots in Hubble’s portrait look this was actually one of the first gravitational Ancient astronomers learned to tell the like they might be foreground stars, but they lenses ever observed: the “twin” quasars difference between planets and stars long are in fact quasars billions of light-years were just one. The path taken by light from before telescopes let them see what the beyond the galaxy of which they appear to this quasar was bent and distorted by a clus- planets look like because planets move be a part. ter of galaxies in the foreground, creating a across the sky differently from stars. double image. Similarly, today’s astronomers have to look beyond the appearance of many objects to tell them apart. One type of object that looks uncannily like a star is the quasar, which is discussed further in Chapter 7. The name is short for “quasi- stellar object,” which is appropriate given its appearance. Quasars were unexplained for a long time; looking through telescopes, astronomers saw what looked like bright, bluish stars, much like those in the Milky Way. However, studying the properties of their light revealed a conundrum: The calcu- lations suggested that they lay at distances that placed them sometimes more than halfway across the visible universe. Seeing double? In the center of this Hubble image, two bright objects are clearly visible. When they were first discovered in 1979, they were thought to be separate objects; however, astronomers soon realized that these twins were a little too identical! They are close together, lie at the same distance from us and have surprisingly similar properties. The reason they are so similar is not some bizarre coincidence; they are the same object gravitationally lensed into two images by a foreground galaxy. These cosmic doppelgangers make up a double quasar known as QSO 0957+561, also known as the Twin Quasar. 149 Layout-replacing all images2.indd 149 27/09/2013 17:35 Foreground stars or distant quasars? NGC 1073 is a classic barred spiral galaxy, dotted with bright stars. However, three of the points of light apparently superimposed on it are actually incredibly distant quasars billions of light-years behind the galaxy. Layout-replacing all images2.indd 150 27/09/2013 17:35 Old stars look young Astronomers can calculate the ages of stars the progression from blue to red almost Youngsters in NGC 6362? on the basis of their color. Early in stars’ always holds true – but not quite always. The core of the globular cluster NGC 6362 reveals lives, they shine pale blue; their surface a number of extremely blue stars scattered around. temperatures are incredibly hot, and they Sometimes, stars can get a new burst of life Globular clusters are made up entirely of older stars, spew out high-energy ultraviolet light along if they siphon material from a near-neighbor which usually look red. Sometimes, however, if they with visible light. in a binary system. This sudden influx of can tap into fresh sources of fuel, elderly stars can take on a new lease on life, making them blue once matter bulks them up, brightens them, and more. Over time, they cool and redden; elderly red makes them blue once again, even if they giant stars are deep red, with surfaces much are very old. colder than the Sun. In globular clusters of stars, which, because blue, young-looking stars can sometimes The rate at which this happens varies with of their age, should all be old and red, this be seen. the size of the star and its composition, but means that an unexpected population of 151 Layout-replacing all images2.indd 151 27/09/2013 17:35 Clusters in disguise Dotted throughout our galaxy, and observed by Hubble in other galaxies, are ancient clus- ters of stars called globular clusters, which typically contain a few tens or hundreds of thousands of stars. These are interesting to astronomers for various reasons. For exam- ple, they contain some of the oldest stars in the universe. In addition, they all formed in single episodes of star formation, in which a cloud of gas collapses in on itself, trigger- ing the birth of hundreds of thousands of stars all at once. This sets them apart from galaxies, which contain multiple generations of stars and often have new star formation continuing today. Globular clusters have a distinctive appear- ance – balls of closely spaced stars – so they should be easy to identify. However, astronomers have found a number of impos- tors, one of which was only exposed after many years of misidentification. In the southern sky, the constellation of Centaurus contains what looks like a slightly fuzzy star, known as Omega Centauri. Look- ing at it through even a simple telescope reveals something quite remarkable. Even without any magnification, the extra light- gathering power of a telescope reveals vast numbers of stars that are invisible to the naked eye. Covering an area larger than the size of the Moon, Omega Centauri was long considered to be the archetypal globular cluster. within the cluster for many centuries into the Globular cluster or not? However, Hubble and other modern obser- future. Omega Centauri’s central region, imaged by Hubble, vatories have found many subtle features looks much like any other globular cluster. However, of Omega Centauri that reveal it to be quite All this information indicates that Omega recent research suggests it may not be a globular different from other globular clusters. For Centauri is the core of a dwarf galaxy that cluster at all. one, there is a large black hole at its core, was swallowed by the Milky Way, with its much like galaxies have. Moreover, an looser outer regions stripped away and examination of the colors and intensities of assimilated into our home galaxy. However, be hard to tell apart, too. Open clusters the light coming from its stars reveals that you wouldn’t guess any of this just by look- are smaller, looser and less regular, but they are not all the same age. Finally, it spins ing at it. here, too, appearances can be deceptive. faster than other globular clusters; Hubble’s NGC 411, for instance, looks remarkably precise measurements enable astronomers Globular clusters and their younger, smaller similar to a globular cluster, even though it to forecast the movement of individual stars cousins, the open clusters, can often is actually a dense open cluster. 152 Layout-replacing all images2.indd 152 27/09/2013 17:36 Globular cluster or not? NGC 411, imaged by Hubble, may look like a globular cluster, but it is in fact an open star cluster made up of young stars. Layout-replacing all images2.indd 153 27/09/2013 17:36 10 Layout-replacing all images2.indd 154 27/09/2013 17:36 H UBBLE’S FUTURE The Hubble of today is a far cry from the Hubble of 1990, with modern cameras that let it peer to the very edge of the observable universe, along with new solar panels, gyroscopes, and guidance systems that keep the spacecraft in good working condition.