DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN PUKHTOON CULTURE THROUGH WOMEN AS COMPENSATION BY FAZAL HANAN A thesis submitted to The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN RURAL SOCIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF RURAL SOCIOLIGY FACULTY OF RURAL SOCIAL SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, PESHAWAR-PAKISTAN FEBURARY, 2015 1 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN PUKHTOON CULTURE THROUGH WOMEN AS COMPENSATION BY FAZAL HANAN A thesis submitted to The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN RURAL SOCIOLOGY APPROVED BY: _____________________ Chairman Supervisory Committee Prof. Dr. Mussawar Shah _____________________ Member (Major) Dr. Bushra Shafi Assistant Professor _____________________ Member (Minor) Dr. Abbas Ullah Jan Associate Professor Department of Agricultural Economics _____________________ Chairman and Convener Board of Studies Prof. Dr. Mussawar Shah ________________________ Dean Faculty of Rural Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Noor P. Khan ________________________ Director Advanced Studies and Research Prof. Dr. Farhat Ullah DEPARTMENT OF RURAL SOCIOLIGY FACULTY OF RURAL SOCIAL SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, PESHAWAR-PAKISTAN FEBURARY, 2015 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter No. Title Page No. List of Tables ......................................................................................................... i-iv List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................. v-viii Acknowledgments ................................................................................................ ix Abstract ................................................................................................................. x I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Justification of the study ..................................................................................... 4 1.3 Area Profile ......................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................. 6 1.5 Objectives of the Study ....................................................................................... 7 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................ 8 III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................... 29 3.1 Study Design ....................................................................................................... 29 3.1.1 Universe of the Study ......................................................................................... 29 3.1.2 Sampling .............................................................................................................. 30 3.1.3 Sample Size ......................................................................................................... 32 3.1.4 Characteristics of Respondents .......................................................................... 32 3.2 Conceptual Framework ....................................................................................... 33 3.3. Data Collection .................................................................................................... 33 3.3.1 Construction of Interview Schedule………………………………………….33 3.3.1.1 Likert Scale…………………………………………………………………...33 3.3.2 Indexation ............................................................................................................ 34 3.3.3 Reliability Analysis ............................................................................................ 34 3.4 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................... 35 3.4.1 Chi-square test ..................................................................................................... 35 3.4.2 Gamma ................................................................................................................. 36 3.4.3 Bi-variate Analysis .............................................................................................. 37 3.4.4 Multi-variate analysis by contingency tables .................................................... 37 3 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .................................................................... 38 4.1 Respondents profile ............................................................................................ 38 4.1.1 Gender of the respondents .................................................................................. 39 4.1.2 Location of the respondents................................................................................ 39 4.1.3 Age of the respondents ....................................................................................... 40 4.1.4 Ethnic composition of the respondents .............................................................. 41 4.1.5 Family type of the respondents .......................................................................... 42 4.1.6 Family size of the respondents ........................................................................... 43 4.1.7 Education level of the respondents .................................................................... 44 4.1.8 Monthly income of the respondents ................................................................... 45 4.1.9 Occupation of the respondents ........................................................................... 46 4.2 General information of respondents .................................................................. 47 4.2.1 Information of respondents about Swara custom .............................................. 47 4.2.2 Relation of respondents with Swara girl ............................................................ 48 4.2.3 Swara is given in case of .................................................................................... 49 4.2.4 Age of Swara girl during compensation ............................................................ 50 4.2.5 Type of dispute in which Swara was given ....................................................... 51 4.2.6 Relation with girl after giving in Swara ............................................................ 52 4.2.7 Relation with the dispute family ........................................................................ 53 4.3 Respondents attitude towards legislative failure ............................................... 55 4.4 Respondents attitude towards cultural endorsement ......................................... 57 4.5 Respondent attitude toward economic importance ........................................... 59 4.6 Respondents attitude towards community based support ................................. 61 4.7 Respondents attitude towards illiteracy ............................................................. 64 4.8 Respondents attitude towards poor religion fallacy .......................................... 66 4.9 Respondents attitude towards tribal structure approach to dispute settlement .69 4.10 Respondents attitude towards compensation practices (Swara) ....................... 72 4.11 Bi-variate Analysis .............................................................................................. 74 4 V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............... 128 5.1 Summary .............................................................................................................. 128 5.2 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 136 5.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................. 137 LITERATURE CITED ....................................................................................... 140 INTERVIEW SCHEDULE ................................................................................ 161 5 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No. 4.1.1 Frequency distribution and proportion of respondent representing gender .................. 39 4.1.2 Frequency distribution and proportion of respondent representing residence .............................................................................................................................. 40 4.1.3 Frequency distribution and proportion of respondent representing age .......................... 41 4.1.4 Frequency distribution and proportion of respondent representing ethnic composition .......................................................................................................................... 42 4.1.5 Frequency distribution and proportion of respondent representing family type ............ 43 4.1.6 Frequency distribution and proportion of respondent representing family size ............................................................................................................................ 44 4.1.7 Frequency distribution and proportion of respondent representing education level ...................................................................................................................................... 45 4.1.8 Frequency distribution and proportion of respondent representing monthly income .................................................................................................................................