Chapter 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework This chapter consists of Literature Review and Theoretical Framework. Literature Review is an analysis of previous products or studies in order to find the gap and fill it by this project or study. Theoretical Framework explains theories that are used to conduct the research. 2.1Literature review The research about song lyric has been conducted in semantics perspective. It is very important to review the previous studies in order to find the gap for a possibility of further research, so that the present writer could conduct the research which has not been done before, in relation to my topic. Therefore, the present writer will analyze the style of language written by two group bands in Bandung. This chapter reviews the previous research in order to obtain the gap of the research of the project. There are several sources which can be used as references for my final project. Logan, Kositsky and Moreno wrote Semantic Analysis of song lyrics (2004). They explore the use of song lyrics for automatic indexing of music. They evaluated the technique on a publicly available dataset of 399 popular artists, and they 8 compared them to an acoustic similarity technique. They focused on the technique of writing a lyric. The point plus of the research is, they have a lot of samples of research. Second, the present writer reviewed the study which is almost similar from the previous one. Putri (2008)in her thesistitled “A Discourse Analysis Of Song Lyrics In The Greatest Hits Album By Westlife (Pragmatic Approach)”, she examines the song lyrics of one boys band named Westlife tofind the configured elements of discourse, which are: cohesion, intentionality, and situationality. She identifies the elements configuration of discourse and describes the composer intention of the song lyrics in The Greatest Hits Album by Westlife. The third is Kustiani (2009) on her diploma final project report titled An analysis of slang in English song lyrics (a case study in 20 English songs) who states that there are many slang words found in every song even only one slang word. She focuses on the slang words which are written in 20 songs in several genres of music. Her study is a good sample for the research but the present writer will not analyze the slang words. Fourth, is another study about song lyric. This one which is conducted by Subekti (2007) is broader than the previous one. The study titled “Analisis Kumpulan LirikLaguKaryaEbiet G. Ade” examines the masterpieces of Ebiet G. Ade, one of Indonesian music legends. He focuses on three things: the conspicuousness of the lyrics, semiotic meanings, and the theme of the lyrics written by Ebiet. By reading 9 this analysis, the reader or other researcher will know those three things which are investigated by him. He analyses Indonesian lyrics. Another study which is related to my topic is a research which is conducted by Adriani (2009) in her online article. In the article titled “Gaya BahasadalamLirikLagu -laguUngu :(KajianStilistika)”, she choosesto find the style of language of the lyrics which are written by Ungu. She analyzed the figures of speech used by the group band. The present writer found some gap from this research, and one of the gaps is the sample of the bands. The present writer will use two group bands and 10 song lyrics as data.Her analysis would be a model of the research. The last is a research which is conducted by Tsauri (2007) titled Semantic Analysis on the Lyrics of Muse's Song.This study uses descriptive qualitative method. He analyzed and interpreted the research object of Muse's song. The result of this study shows that there are one meaning used in Muse’s songs. There are lexical meanings, which are denotative, connotative, antonym, synonymy, hyponymy, homophony and ambiguity. The final project will be an analysis of English song lyricswritten by independent local group bands, especially Indonesian songwriters who wrote their lyrics in English. The figurative expression of the lyric will be the focus. The present writer will not analyze the grammar for the reason that the work of art in writing lyric is a free form of creativity. 10 2.2Theoretical framework My subject is a textual analysis about song lyricswritten by The S.I.G.I.T. and Gugun Blues Shelter. The purpose of the research is to analyze the kind of writingused by the songwriter. The audience of the research is people who are studying about language and communication or people who loves music and indie movements. In this research, the present writer applied several theories in supporting the research. 2.2.1 Song and lyrics Today, music is one of important thing in human life. Almost everyone in the world always listens to the music. A song is a piece of music that makes it perfect as an art. The term song has various definitions; it depends on the people’s points of view in giving definition. One may give a definition that a song consists of lyrics with music and rhythm. Others may give a definition that a song is a source of lyrical poetry. Song has been defined by The Oxford dictionary (1995, p.395) as “A song is the noun form which means a poem set to music, intended to be sung”. From the statement above, a song comprises lyrics or poems set to the arrangement of music. Djohan (2005) explains that music is a complex and universal social behavior that contained an expression of the human mind and ideas of the brain that contain a significant signal message. It indicates that music can represent something or a particular group. Music is not only considered as a medium of entertainment and 11 recreation, butmusic also has its own role in education in the process of communication, voice messages, or criticism of a case with a style that is owned by the musician. Gaye (2007) in his article says that a song is an art-form and a form of communication made up of melody, harmony, rhythm, lyric, and form — the form of which includes a title, chorus, verse, and potentially a prechorus and/or bridge.The present writerhas analyzed an article written by Albrecht (2004). He states that there are three important elements of song: a. Melody b. Chords c. Lyric Lyric poetry consists of a poem, such as a sonnet or an ode that expresses the thoughts and feelings of the poet(http://oxforddictionaries.com/). The term lyric is now commonly referred to as the words to a song.A lyric is a part of song which makes a song beautiful. The lyricaddresses the reader directly, portraying his or her own feeling, state of mind, and perceptions.Ragland (2003) in an interview on online article says thatthe relationship between the lyric and the music has to be solid. It means that a proper lyric and music are needed to make a good song. Lewis (1961) said that lyrics as the lyre; meant to be sung that directly expresses thought and sentiments and it can be cry straight from the heart. Furthermore, Lewis adds that a lyric is not only for a song but also for the verbal 12 arrangement for musical industry. Lyric means verbal arrangement that has some words which have interesting meanings. Moreover, lyric is used to express an emotional feeling that can be a positive or negative message for everyone who listens to. A song lyric as a verse has a definition as follows: it is the utterance of a passion for the truth, beauty and power, embodying and illustrating its conceptions by imagination and fancy, and modulating its language on the principle of variety in uniformity (Chandler, 2005). Brett Page (2004) in his online article says that a lyric is verse designed to be sung to the accompaniment of music. His statement can clearly show us that lyric is one of the elements of music. In this research, lyric as the one of music elements is the subject. 2.2.2 Semantics The research is about analysis of English song lyrics written by Indonesian song writers. Semantics is a study of meaning in language used as a theory to conduct the research. Semantics is a study of meaning communicated through language. It is a fact that meaning is a part of language. Furthermore,Filip (2008) states that “semantics is the study of meaning expressed by elements of any language, characterizable as a symbolic system”. 13 According to Saeed (1997), semantics is the study of the meanings of words and sentences. It means that semantics theory can be used as a guide to analyze song lyrics which includes words and sentences. There are two approaches to the study of meaning in language, those are: the contextual approach and the mentalistic approach (Leech, 1981; Palmer 1892, as cited in Adisutrisno, 2008, p.7). He states that the contextual approach to meaning views meaning in language in terms of context, situation, or use. While the mentalistic approach to meaning in language views meaning as concepts, ideas, images, and associations which are stored in the long-term memory of the human brain; meaning is inside brain. The present writer uses the mentalistic approach as a guide to conduct the research because the project analyzed the meaning as concepts, ideas, images, and associations in sentences. 2.2.3 Theme Some experts put forward their definition of theme. A theme is the main idea of literary work. It is the core of work itself and the center of the story. A theme is a main idea, moral, or message of an essay, paragraph, movie, television program, book, or song lyric.