- i - ISSN: 1810—2174 Balochistan Review Volume XXVIII No. 1, 2013 (HEC RECOGNIZED) Editor: Ghulam Farooq Baloch BALOCHISTAN STUDY CENTRE UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA-PAKISTAN - ii - Published bi-annually by the Balochistan Study Centre, University of Balochistan, Quetta-Pakistan. @ Balochistan Study Centre 2013-1 Subscription rate (per annum) in Pakistan: Institutions: Rs. 300/- Individuals: Rs. 200/- For the other countries: Institutions: US$ 50 Individuals: US$ 30 Contact: Balochistan Review—ISSN: 1810-2174 Balochistan Study Centre, University of Balochistan, Quetta-Pakistan. Tel: (92) (081) 9211255 Facsimile: (92) (081) 9211255 E-mail: [email protected] Website: uob.edu.pk - iii - Editorial Board Patron in Chief: Prof. Dr. Rasul Bakhsh Raisani Vice Chancellor, University of Balochistan, Quetta-Pakistan. Patron Prof. Dr. Abdul Hameed Shahwani Director, Balochistan Study Centre, UoB, Quetta-Pakistan. Editor Ghulam Farooq Baloch Asstt Professor Balochistan Study Centre, UoB, Quetta-Pakistan. Assistant Editor Waheed Razzaq Research Officer Balochistan Study Centre, UoB, Quetta-Pakistan. Members: Prof. Dr. Andriano V. Rossi Vice Chancellor & Head Dept of Asian Studies, Institute of Oriental Studies, Naples, Italy. Prof. Dr. Saad Abudeyha Chairman, Dept. of Political Science, University of Jordon, Amman, Jordon. Prof. Dr. Bertrand Bellon Professor of Int’l, Industrial Organization & Technology Policy, University de Paris Sud, France. Dr. Carina Jahani Inst. of Iranian & African Studies, Uppsala University, Sweden. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf Khan Director, Taxila Institute of Civilization, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Prof. Dr. Rajwali Shah Khattak Professor, Pushto Academy, University of Peshawar, Pakistan. Mr. Ayub Baloch Member, Balochistan Public Service Commission, Quetta. Prof. Dr. Mehmood Ali Shah, Professor Emeritus, University of Balochistan, Quetta. - iv - Guidelines/Parameters for the Contributors: Following are the Guidelines/Parameters for the scholars/researchers contributing articles to the bi-annual research journal of BSC “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW ISSN: 1810-2174”. The article should be in a ready to print form Authors are entitled to five free off-prints and a copy of the issue in which their article is published. The articles should accompany a soft copy as well; to be sent through email preferably in PDF file format. Articles must focus on latest researches made in different fields/areas i.e. arts and crafts, architecture, archaeology, literature, language, economy, management, heritage and culture, politics, media, history etc. relevant to Balochistan. Any queries regarding the publication or acceptance of the article can be sought at the given address: Editor “Balochistan Review”, Balochistan Study Center, University of Balochistan, Quetta-Pakistan. [email protected] Style The title should appear at the middle position of the first page The brief title (5 to 7 words) with author’s name also appearing in the top-left header position in the rest of the pages (running head). All authors’ full name and affiliations should also be explicit on the first page with the corresponding author’s postal and email addresses. The article should comprise an abstract, introduction (including review literature and rationale), results, discussion (including limitations and suggestions), and the references. The abstract should be of about 150-170 words. The article should be of maximum 4000 words in New Times Roman, font 12 with 1.5 line Spacing. Main heading should be bold with italic subheadings. Tables and figures should be in a separate file, in a ready to print form with sources given below the tables. All statistical symbols present in the article should be italic. References should be in author/date style throughout the text in the APA format - v - BI-ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174”, Balochistan Study Centre, UoB, Quetta (Pak) VOL. XXVIII NO.1, 2013 CONTENT Page No. ARCHAEOLOGY THE CULTURAL LEGACY OF BALOCH CIVILIZATION 01 Jamil Hussain Baloch, Dr Gul Hasan Baloch Azmatullah Baloch & Hamid Ali Baloch BOTANY PLANTS TREASURES, TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND 11 BALOCH SOCIETY Muhammad Panah Baloch, Muhammad Yousuf Marri Muhammad Afzal Qaisrani & Abdullah Baloch COMMERCE ROLE OF LIVESTOCK IN THE ECONOMY OF BALOCHISTAN 25 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SHEEP AND GOAT Muhammad Shafiq EDUCATION CAUSES OF LOW QUALITY EDUCATION IN BALOCHISTAN 41 Faisal Raza THE EFFECTS OF THE VARIOUS TEACHING METHODS ON 47 “SOCIAL STUDIES” SUBJECT AND ITS IMPACT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE STUDENTS OF CLASS 7TH AT QETTA CITY SCHOOLS Abdul Nasir HISTORY NEW DISCOVERED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES OF 59 NUSHKI DISTRICT OF BALOCHISTAN (A FIELD REPORT) Farooq Baloch &Waheed Razzaq LANGUAGE & LITERATURE A BRIEF ABOUT PERSIAN POETRY OF 77 KHUSHAL KHAN KHATTAK Dr. Nasrullah Jan Wazir, Dr. Mohammad Usman Tobawal & Abdul Rehman Kakar - vi - QURAN AND HADITH IN THE LETTERS OF 91 YOUSAF AZIZ MAGSI (A STUDY) Dr. Khalid Mahmood Khattak SYNTAX FORMATION IN THE 99 BRAHUI AND BALOCHI LANGUAGES Dr.Liaqat Ali Sani & Abdul Haleem Sadiq USAGE OF ARABIC ALPHABETS IN THE BRAHUI 109 ORTHOGRAPHY Waheed Razzaq PHILOSOPHY THE QUR’ANIC MODES OF KNOWLEDGE IN 119 THE EPISTEMALOGY OF IQBAL Dr. Malik Mohammad Tariq SOCIAL SCIENCES GENDER DIFFERENTIAL IN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN, 131 WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON HEALTH AND INCOME / WORK: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY Ahmed Ali Brohi, Mitho Khan Bhatti, Abdul Wahid Zehri & Jan Mohammad FARMER’S PERCEPTIONS ON THE STATUS OF LAND 149 DEGRADATION IN PISHIN SUB-BASIN, PAKISTAN Dr. Said Qasim, Alam Tareen & Aijaz Ali Wassan - 1 - BI-ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174 Balochistan Study Centre, UoB, Quetta (Pak) VOL. XXVIII NO.1, 2013 THE CULTURAL LEGACY OF BALOCH CIVILIZATION Archaeology Jamil Hussain Baloch*Dr Gul Hasan Baloch† Azmatullah Baloch‡ & Hamid Ali Baloch§ ABSTRACT Balochistan is very rich in cultural Heritage as this land has been inhabited since Paleolithic times down to the late historic times. There are thousands of Prehistoric, Pro-to-historic, and historic archaeological sites scattered throughout Balochistan. A few of them have been excavated and others are remaining and there can be many more sites in Balochistan if surveys are conducted. The cultural heritage of Balochistan reflects the nomadic life of Baloch proving that they are indigenous people of Balochistan who brought a revolution with many new ideas such as agriculture, mud brick houses, domestication of animals, use of fire, introduction of pottery, clothing industry etc. This paper discusses about the cultural legacy of Baloch in Prehistoric times. as well as throws light on Balochistan through Chalcolithic Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. BALOCHISTAN THROUGH THE AGES The land of Balochistan has been a cradle of civilizations throughout the history (Jamil 2013: 1-3), Mehrgarh as it is known as the oldest settlement in South Asia flourished in 8th millennium BC., and marked the beginning of Neolithic revolution in this land (Jarrige 1995: 12). Although this land is of harsh, rough and dry geographical nature; but still many cultures thrived, flourished and saw their downfall in this land. Today we have thousands of archaeological sites in Balochistan. Some of them were discovered by the great archaeologist. Moreover, Sir Aurel Stein was the pioneer of archaeological activities in Balochistan (Jamil 2010: 30-37). A few of them have been excavated and others are still not studied. The excavated sites are * Research Scholar of TIAC, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad. † Pro-Vice Chancellor at LUAWMS, Uthal. ‡ TIAC, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad. § Lecturer at Balochi Department, University of Balochistan, Quetta. - 2 - Mehrgarh, Nausharo, Pirak, in Kachi Plains, Dumb Sadat and Kili Gul Mohammad in Quetta Valley, Periano Gundai in Zhob, Rana Gundai in Loralai, Sohr Damb in Nal, Adam Buthi and Murda Sang in Las Bela and Miri Kalat and Shai Tump in Kech Valley, Makran (Jamil 2013: 1-20). This cultural heritage of Balochistan gives us a very important clue about the history of Baloch as it reflects the rural and nomadic life of Baloch. The findings from these sites are very much similar to Baloch Culture proving that it is the indigenous culture of Balochistan. The most striking evidences are beads, tradition of Saadh making, pebble tools, and the depiction of fish motifs and Balochi Embroidery patterns on the potteries found throughout Balochistan. On the basis of prevailing traditions and the ones recently died or dying we can reconstruct the history of cultural development of Baloch who have been living in Balochistan since time immemorial. The history of earth goes back to millenniums years old and similarly the cultural activities also begun millenniums year’s age. Needless to say that every time human being refined his cultural by discovering new tools and in this way human being from barbarism developed to a civilized society where everyone was prosperous. Moreover, the scholars have divided this long time into three eras. a) Prehistoric Era b) Pro-to-historic Era c) Historic Era This paper will only shed light on the cultural legacy of Baloch in Prehistoric era. The prehistoric cultural activities have been started two million years ago and continued until 2000 BC (Qazi 1998: 2). However, there are three more cultural phases in prehistory: a) Paleolithic – early stone age (approximately 100,000 - 10,000BC) b) Mesolithic – middle stone age (approximately 10,000 – 8,000 BC) c) Neolithic –