The Turkic-Turkish Theme in Traditional Malay Literature <UN> Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Edited by Rosemarijn Hoefte, kitlv, Leiden Henk Schulte Nordholt, kitlv, Leiden Editorial Board Michael Laffan (Princeton University) Adrian Vickers (Sydney University) Anna Tsing (University of California Santa Cruz) VOLUME 301 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/vki <UN> The Turkic-Turkish Theme in Traditional Malay Literature Imagining the Other to Empower the Self By Vladimir Braginsky LEIDEN |BOSTON <UN> Cover illustration: soas Library, Manuscript ms 40334, ‘Miscellaneous Malay papers’; Geneaology of Perak sultans, Fol. 3r This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1572-1892 isbn 978-90-04-29070-9 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-30594-6 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. To Seda from the borderland, where our fields of research meet ∵ <UN> <UN> Contents Acknowledgments xi Illustrations and Charts xiii Abbreviations xiv A Note on Transliteration xvi Introduction 1 Subject, Objectives and the History of the Study 1 Theme and Variations: The Importance of the Turkic-Turkish Theme, Classification of Relevant Texts and Their Principal Message 2 1 The First Acquaintance In Absentia: Turkic Warriors, Lovers, Sages and the Barber of Istanbul 9 Gallery of Characters: Turks Fighting Wars and Intriguing Against Rivals 9 Turks Accepting Islam and Reflecting on Transient Life and Justice 13 Turks Falling for Princesses in Dreams, Deposing Despots and Distrusting Suspicious Beggars 28 The Origin of Turks, Their History and Anecdotes of Their Luminaries 31 2 First Encounter Face-to-face: Stories of Embassies Sent to the Ottomans 40 The Aceh Controversy on Who Visited Who: Guns Instead of Pepper or Glory Instead of Oil 42 Hikayat Hang Tuah as a Palimpsest and a Fighter in the ‘War of Books’ 53 Istanbul Clad in Acehnese Garb: the City and the Sultan 61 The Gold-and-Jewel Style: Aceh’s Influence Once Again 69 3 Kings of Rum, Their Heirs and Vassals (1): Turkey in the Dynastic Space of the Malay World and Beyond 73 So Many Diverse Kings of Rum: Malay Raja Rum in his Favorite Habitats 74 Riding Winged Horses, Marrying Sorceresses and Fighting Ogres: Raja Rum of Malay Fantastical Adventure Narratives 74 From Andalus to Andalas: Iskandar Zulkarnain as Exceptional Raja Rum of Malay Chronicles 78 <UN> viii Contents Malays in the Universal ‘Mandala’: ‘Persian’ Iskandar of Rum and his Successors 80 Contemplating the Navel of the Earth: From ‘Persian’ Iskandar of Rum to ‘Turkish’ Iskandar of Istanbul and his Minangkabau Relatives 89 4 Kings of Rum, Their Heirs and Vassals (2): If Iskandar Zulkarnain of Istanbul is Unavailable, a Turkish Prince or Nobleman Will Do Nicely 109 Harnessing the Forces of Evil: The Turkish Founder of Kedah’s Dynasty and the Workings of a Fateful Name 110 Garuda’s Lost Wager and the Foundation of Kedah by a Prince or Grandee of Rum 113 Kedah as the Second Tūrān 118 Lords of the Jambi Ring: Turkish Ancestors against Javanese Backgrounds in Minangkabau Frames 129 Glimpses of Jambi History: From Ancient Malayu to Dutch Imperialism 131 Datuk Paduka Berhalo: The Turkish Prince, Sayyid and Preacher of Islam 135 Orang Kayo Hitam: the Freedom Fighter, Conqueror of Java and Unifier of the Lowlands and Uplands of Jambi 138 Transformation of the Image and the Convergence of Images: Orang Kayo Hitam and Sultan Taha as Doubles 147 5 Two Hundred Years after the First Embassy: Ottoman Turkey, Its Worthless Western Allies and Russian Enemies – the Worst of the Kāfirs 155 God Grants Victory, If Pashas are Not Corrupt 158 Sultan Abdülhamid versus Perins Alikjander: Fighters as Strong as Fortresses of Iron and Tests of Laser Weapons 173 One More Palimpsest: Muhammad Hanafiyah, Muhammad Shamwili and Their Companions Through the Prism of Malay ‘Transitional’ Literature 180 Two Possible Protagonists: Why Muhammad Shamwili and not Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha? 186 Jihād Revisited: Why Did the Circassian Prince Smile Twice? 190 <UN> Contents ix Conclusion 195 Knowledge and Images 195 Contextualization and Localization 198 Agendas and Methods of their Accomplishment 202 Postscript 211 The Perak Genealogy 211 Ḥadīqat al-Azhār waʾl-Rayāḥīn by Sheikh Ahmad al-Fatani 217 Appendices Appendix 1: The Originals of Quoted Texts in Malay and Acehnese 227 Appendix 2: Genealogies of the Palembang-Singapore-Malacca and the Minangkabau dynasty 243 Appendix 3: A Note on Rum and the Sultan of Rum in Javanese Literature 245 Appendix 4: Summary of Hikayat Peperangan al-Maulana Sultan Istanbul 247 Appendix 5: Ancestors of the Ottomans in the Perak Genealogy 257 Bibliography 259 Index 285 <UN> Acknowledgments This book could neither have been written nor have seen the light of day with- out the disinterested help and support of a number of institutions, colleagues and friends. First of all, it is my pleasant duty to express my gratitude to KITLV and its Verhandelingen series’ editor, Rosemarijn Hoefte, as well as to Brill and person- ally to the editor of this book, Nienke Brienen-Moolenaar, and Paige Sammartino, who undertook to publish it and successfully realized this enterprise. I am also most thankful to Annabel Teh Gallop (British Library) and Andrew Peacock (University of St. Andrews), the directors of the British Academy’s project Islam, trade and politics across the Indian Ocean. They not only invited me to take part in their project, thus presenting me with the topic of this book, but also helped me in many ways at every stage of its progress to completion. I am also grateful to administrators of the project, particularly to Claire McCafferty, for a grant that covered the preparation of the manuscript of the book for publication. As parts of this book began as articles, I feel greatly indebted to a number of copyright holders for their kind permission to use those articles in my book: • the British Academy (ba) and personally to its officers, Ms. Brigid Hamilton- Jones and Ms. Janet English, who allowed me to use the article “Representation of the Turkic-Turkish theme in traditional Malay literature, with special ref- erence to the works of the fourteenth to mid-seventeenth centuries,” which was published in the ba’s volume edited by A.C.S. Peacock and Annabel Teh Gallop. From Anatolia to Aceh: Ottomans, Turks and Southeast Asia, pp. 263–92. Oxford: oup, 2015; • the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (dbp, Council on Language and Literature, Kuala Lumpur) and personally to Datuk Dr. Haji Awang bin Sariyan, the Director General of dbp, and Mme. Kamariah binti Yusof, dbp’s Head of Department of Intellectual Property, who permitted me to use the article “Co-opting the rival ca(n)non; The Turkish episode of Hikayat Hang Tuah” published in dbp’s journal Malay literature (25–2 [2012]: 229–60); • the Taylor & Francis Group, which permitted me to use the article “Imagining kings of Rum and their heirs: the dynastic space of the Malay world and beyond” published in the journal Indonesia and the Malay world (41–121 [2013]: 370–95) belonging to this group. <UN> xii Acknowledgments I also appreciate the courtesy of: • the School of Oriental and African Studies (soas) and personally Ms. Joanne Anthony, the soas Archivist, and Ms Sujan Nandawar, the soas Archives Assistant, who allowed me both to embellish the cover of the book with a photograph of the genealogy of Perak sultans from the manuscript soas 40334 (Miscellaneous Malay papers) and to publish this photograph in the book; • the Hebrew University of Jerusalem thanks to which the map of Istanbul from G. Braun and F. Hogenberg’s atlas Civitatis Orbis Terrarum (Cologne? 1572) could be included in the book. I am most grateful to my friends and colleagues Henri Chambert-Loir, Ulrich Kratz and Jelani Harun who readily shared inaccessible materials and their knowledge with me, as well as to Mulaika and Bilqis Hijjas who took the trou- ble to edit my imperfect English. And – last but not least – words of special gratitude for their love, support and patience go to my wife Seda and our daughter Katya, who had to share me with this book for so long. <UN> Illustrations and Charts 1 Fragment of a map of Istanbul in the first half of the sixteenth century (Braun and Hogenberg 1572) 64 2 Perak genealogy (soas ms 40344, f. 3r) 213 3 Genealogy of the Malacca dynasty from Iskandar Zu’l-Karnain to Malacca kings 243 4 The formation and ramification of the Minangkabau dynasty 244 <UN> Abbreviations Aceh. Acehnese ad Anno Domini, the Christian era ah Anno Hijrae, the Muslim era Arb. Arabic bki Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. The Hague 1853– Bustān Bustān al-salāṭīn EI2 Encyclopaedia of Islam. Second edition. Leiden: Brill & London: Luzac, 1960–1978; Leiden: Brill, 1986–2007 EI2. Bo Encyclopaedia of Islam. Second edition. Brill online. Leiden 2012– EIrO Encyclopaedia Iranica online.