Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2017 Biology and Ecology of Crapemyrtle Bark Scale, Acanthococcus Lagerstroemiae (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) Zinan Wang Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Wang, Zinan, "Biology and Ecology of Crapemyrtle Bark Scale, Acanthococcus Lagerstroemiae (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae)" (2017). LSU Master's Theses. 4479. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/4479 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF CRAPEMYRTLE BARK SCALE, ACANTHOCOCCUS LAGERSTROEMIAE (KUWANA) (HEMIPTERA: ERIOCOCCIDAE) A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Entomology by Zinan Wang B.S. Beijing Forestry University, 2013 May 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I sincerely thank the Department of Entomology and the Hammond Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center (LSU AgCenter) for my assistantship. I express my deep gratitude and appreciation to my major advisor Dr. Rodrigo Diaz. As an international professor in the US, Dr. Diaz did not only advise me on research, but also gave me important suggestions on my career development. I thank Dr. Yan Chen and Dr. Daniel Swale as advisory committee members for their knowledge and technical supports, inspiring advice, and motivating academic enrichment in nurturing my academic and career goals. I thank the funding support from Dr. Yan Chen and Dr. Allen Owings, giving me opportunities to extend my research to the fields of horticulture and biochemistry, and to attend several academic conferences. In addition, I express my great thanks to Dr. Roger A. Laine in the Chemistry Department, LSU, who guided me in thinking and experimenting in the field of biochemistry. I am indebted to Otto Castillo, Yupeng Gao, Nan Shang, Zhichao Xue and Connie David at LSU, and all research associates at the LSU AgCenter Hammond Research Station who helped with laboratory, greenhouse, and field works. I extend my thanks to all labmates, friends, and all faculty and staff at LSU who motivated and helped me during my Master study at LSU. At last, I am so grateful to my parents for their love and everlasting support for my studies outside home country. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. vii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Crapemyrtle Bark Scale ............................................................................................. 1 2.2 Crapemyrtle ................................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Taxonomy .................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Biology ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Host Range in Native Nange ...................................................................................... 6 1.6 Distribution and Dispersal ......................................................................................... 8 1.7 Plant Damage and Economic Impact ....................................................................... 10 1.8 Natural Enemies ....................................................................................................... 11 1.9 Current Management ............................................................................................... 14 1.10 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 17 1.11 References .............................................................................................................. 17 CHAPTER 2. THERMAL TOLERANCE AND PREDICTION OF NORTHERN DISTRIBUTION OF ACANTHOCOCCOUS LAGERSTROEMIAE (KUWANA) (HEMIPTERA: ERIOCOCCIDAE) ........................................................................................ 22 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 22 2.2 Method and Materials .............................................................................................. 26 2.2.1 Insect sources .................................................................................................... 26 2.2.2 Heat tolerance ................................................................................................... 26 2.2.3 Cold tolerance ................................................................................................... 27 2.2.4 Statistics ............................................................................................................ 29 2.2.5 Distribution prediction in the US ...................................................................... 33 2.3 Results ...................................................................................................................... 34 2.3.1 Heat tolerance ................................................................................................... 34 2.3.2 Cold tolerance ................................................................................................... 35 2.3.4 Potential distributions ....................................................................................... 37 2.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 39 2.5 References ................................................................................................................. 46 iii CHAPTER 3. COLD TOLERANCE PHYSIOLOGY OF ACANTHOCOCCOUS LAGERSTROEMIAE (KUWANA) (HEMIPTERA: ERIOCOCCIDAE) ............................... 52 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 52 3.2 Methods and Materials ............................................................................................. 55 3.2.1 Insect source ...................................................................................................... 55 3.2.2 Materials for the lab assay ................................................................................ 56 3.2.3 Water content .................................................................................................... 56 3.2.4 Lipid and fatty acid composition ...................................................................... 56 3.3 Results ...................................................................................................................... 61 3.3.1 Water content .................................................................................................... 61 3.3.2 Lipid and fatty acid composition ...................................................................... 61 3.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 65 3.5 References ................................................................................................................ 72 CHAPTER 4. TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT AND HOST RANGE OF ACANTHOCOCCOUS LAGERSTROEMIAE (KUWANA) (HEMIPTERA: ERIOCOCCIDAE) .................................................................................................................. 77 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 77 4.2 Method and Materials .............................................................................................. 80 4.2.1 Insect and plant colonies ................................................................................... 80 4.2.2 Temperature-dependent development ............................................................... 80 4.2.3 Host range test ................................................................................................... 82 4.3 Results ...................................................................................................................... 85 4.3.1 Temperature-dependent development ............................................................... 85 4.3.2 Host range ......................................................................................................... 87 4.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 88 4.5 References