Power Technologies Energy Data Book Third Edition April 2005 • NREL/TP-620-37930 Power Technologies Energy Technical Report NREL/TP-620-37930 Data Book April 2005 Third Edition Compiled by J. Aabakken Prepared under Task No(s). ASA4.6065 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. 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Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction..............................................................................................................................1 2.0 Technology Profiles Biopower..............................................................................................................................3 Geothermal.........................................................................................................................11 Concentrating Solar Power ................................................................................................19 Photovoltaics......................................................................................................................25 Wind...................................................................................................................................37 Hydrogen............................................................................................................................45 Advanced Hydropower ......................................................................................................51 Solar Buildings...................................................................................................................57 Reciprocating Engines .......................................................................................................65 Microturbines.....................................................................................................................69 Fuel Cells ...........................................................................................................................73 Batteries .............................................................................................................................81 Advanced Energy Storage..................................................................................................87 Superconducting Power Technology .................................................................................93 Thermally Activated Technologies....................................................................................99 3.0 Electricity Restructuring 3.1 States with Competitive Electricity Markets .......................................................101 3.2 States with System Benefit Charges (SBC).........................................................102 3.3 States with Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) ..............................................105 3.4 States with Net Metering Policies........................................................................110 3.5 States with Environmental Disclosure Policies ...................................................115 3.6 Green Power Markets ..........................................................................................116 3.7 States with Competitive Green Power Offerings.................................................118 3.8 States with Utility Green Pricing Programs.........................................................126 3.9 Renewable Energy Certificates............................................................................139 3.10 State Incentive Programs .....................................................................................143 3.11 Federal Agency Purchases of Green Power.........................................................148 4.0 Forecasts/Comparisons 4.1 Projections of Renewable Electricity Net Capacity.............................................149 4.2 Projections of Renewable Electricity Net Generation .........................................150 4.3 Projections of Renewable Electricity Carbon Dioxide Emissions Savings.........151 5.0 Electricity Supply 5.1 U.S. Primary and Delivered Energy Overview....................................................153 5.2 Electricity Flow Diagram.....................................................................................155 5.3 Electricity Overview............................................................................................156 5.4 Consumption of Fossil Fuels by Electric Generators ..........................................157 5.5 Electric Power Sector Energy Consumption .......................................................158 5.6 Fossil Fuel Generation by Age of Generating Units............................................160 iii 5.7 Nuclear Generation by Age of Generating Units ................................................161 5.8 Operational Renewable Energy Generating Capacity ........................................162 5.9 Number of Utilities by Class of Ownership and Nonutilities..............................163 5.10 Top 10 Investor-Owned Utilities .........................................................................164 5.11 Top 10 Independent Power Producers Worldwide ..............................................166 5.12 Utility Mergers and Acquisitions.........................................................................167 5.13a North American Electric Reliability Council (NREC) Map for the United States ........................................................................................................168 5.13b Census Regions Map............................................................................................169 6.0 Electricity Capability 6.1 Electric Net Summer Capability ..........................................................................171 6.2 Electric-Only Plant Net Summer Capability........................................................172 6.3 Combined-Heat-and-Power Plant Net Summer Capability .................................173 6.4 Regional Noncoincident Peak Loads...................................................................174 6.5 Electric Generator Cumulative Additions and Retirements.................................175 6.6 Transmission and Distribution Circuit Miles.......................................................176 7.0 Electricity Generation 7.1 Electricity Net Generation...................................................................................177 7.2 Net Generation at Electric-Only Plants................................................................178 7.3 Electricity Generation at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants ..............................179 7.4 Generation and Transmission/Distribution Losses ..............................................180 7.5 Electricity Trade...................................................................................................181 8.0 Electricity Demand 8.1 Electricity Sales ...................................................................................................183 8.2 Demand-Side Management..................................................................................184 8.3 Electricity Sales, Revenue, and Consumption by Census Division and State, 2003............................................................................................................185 9.0 Prices 9.1 Price of Fuels Delivered to Electric Generators ..................................................187 9.2 Electricity Retail Sales.........................................................................................188 9.3 Prices of Electricity Sold ....................................................................................189 9.4 Revenue from Electric Utility Retail Sales by Sector..........................................190 9.5 Revenue from Sales to Ultimate Consumers by Sector, Census Division,