12 Radu Florian Bruja UDC: ³/1935´ THE REORGANIZATION OF THE IRON GUARD,BETWEEN OUTLAWRY AND RE-ESTABLISHMENT (1933-1935) Radu Florian Bruja ³6WHIDQFHO0DUH´6XFHDYD8QLYHUVLW\5RPDQLD Ⱥɧɨɬɚɰɿɹ Ɋɟɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ Ɂɚɥɿɡɧɨʀ Ƚɜɚɪɞɿʀ ɩɨɡɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ (1933-1935) ɍ ɫɬɚɬɬɿ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɪɨɛɢɬɶ ɫɩɪɨɛɭ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɿ Ȼɭɤɨɜɢɧɢ ɹɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɥɟɝɿɨɧɟɪɫɶɤɨɦɭɪɭɯɨɜɿɜɞɚɥɨɫɹɜɢɠɢɬɢɜɬɨɣɩɟɪɿɨɞɤɨɥɢɜɨɧɢɨɩɢɧɢɥɢɫɹɩɨɡɚɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɿɛɭɥɢ ɩɿɞɞɚɧɿ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɿɹɦ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɜɛɢɜɫɬɜɚ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɦ¶ɽɪɚ ȱȽȾɭɤɢ Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬɶ ɳɨ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɭɪɹɞɧɟ ɭɫɜɿɞɨɦɥɸɜɚɜ ɡɚɝɪɨɡɭ ɹɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɥɟɝɿɨɧɟɪɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɤɪɢɡɢɚɬɚɤɨɠɚɧɬɢɭɪɹɞɨɜɿɧɚɫɬɪɨʀɛɭɤɨɜɢɧɰɿɜȼɢɹɜɢɥɨɫɹɳɨɜɊɭɦɭɧɿʀɿɫɧɭɜɚɥɢɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɿɡ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɸ ɥɟɝɿɬɢɦɧɿɫɬɸ ɿ ɧɟ ɛɭɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɫɬɭɩ ɤɪɚɣɧɶɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɇɚ Ȼɭɤɨɜɢɧɿ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭɪɨɥɶɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɜɚɜɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɣɪɭɯɹɤɢɣɪɨɡɝɨɪɧɭɜɫɹɜɑɟɪɧɿɜɟɰɶɤɨɦɭɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɿ ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɢ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɿɪɧɢɦɢ ɥɟɝɿɨɧɟɪɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɪɭɯɨɜɿ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɭɜɚɥɢ ʀɯ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɿ ɿɞɟʀ ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɿɞɩɿɥɶɧɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɋɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɢɫɹ ©ɯɪɟɫɬɨɜɿ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚªɹɤɿɜɢɩɚɥɢɡɩɨɥɹɡɨɪɭɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɨɪɨɧɧɢɯɨɪɝɚɧɿɜɁɿɝɪɚɥɢɫɜɨɸɪɨɥɶɿɬɚɽɦɧɿɜɿɡɢɬɢ Ʉɨɪɧɟɥɿɹ Ɂɟɥɿ Ʉɨɞɪɹɧɭ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ Ɋɚɪɟɭ ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɦɿɠ ɿ ɪɪ ɥɟɝɿɨɧɟɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɪɭɯ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɢɜ ɫɜɨɽ ɿɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɿɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɨɜɚɧɿɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɿ Ȼɭɤɨɜɢɧɚ ɛɭɥɚ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɡ ɩɪɨɜɿɧɰɿɣ ɜ ɹɤɿɣ ɿɞɟʀ ɥɟɝɿɨɧɟɪɿɜ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɨɸ ɿ ɞɟ ɿɫɧɭɜɚɥɨ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɩɪɢɛɿɱɧɢɤɿɜɄɨɞɪɹɧɭ Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɿ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɥɟɝɿɨɧɟɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɪɭɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɢ-ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɿɫɬɢ ɜɛɢɜɫɬɜɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɶɨ ɩɪɚɜɿ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɫɬ Ɋɟɡɸɦɟ Ɋɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɀɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ Ƚɜɚɪɞɢɢ ɜɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ -1935) ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ Ȼɭɤɨɜɢɧɵ ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɥɟɝɢɨɧɟɪɫɤɨɦɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɢ ɛɵɥɢɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɹɦɩɨɫɥɟɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɚɪɭɦɵɧɫɤɨɝɨɩɪɟɦɶɟɪɚɂȽȾɭɤɢɗɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨ ɪɭɦɵɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɥɨ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɥɟɝɢɨɧɟɪɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɧɬɢɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɤɨɜɢɧɰɟɜ ȼɵɹɫɧɢɥɨɫɶɱɬɨɜɊɭɦɵɧɢɢɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɫɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɶɸɢɧɟɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɇɚ Ȼɭɤɨɜɢɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɑɟɪɧɨɜɢɰɤɨɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɝɢɨɧɟɪɫɤɨɦɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɇɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɩɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯɜɵɞɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ©ɤɪɟɫɬɨɜɵɟɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚªɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɜɵɩɚɥɢɢɡɩɨɥɹɡɪɟɧɢɹɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɋɵɝɪɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢ ɬɚɣɧɵɟ ɜɢɡɢɬɵ Ʉɨɪɧɟɥɢɹ Ɂɟɥɢ Ʉɨɞɪɹɧɭ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ Ɋɚɪɷɭ ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɟɠɞɭɢɝɝɥɟɝɢɨɧɟɪɫɤɨɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɨɫɜɨɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ Ȼɭɤɨɜɢɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɢɞɟɢɥɟɝɢɨɧɟɪɨɜɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɨɣɢɛɵɥɨɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜɄɨɞɪɹɧɭ Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟɫɥɨɜɚɥɟɝɢɨɧɟɪɫɤɨɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ-ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɵɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɨɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɵɟɫɢɥɵɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɫɬ 5pVXPp /DUpRUJDQLVDWLRQGX 0RXYHPHQW/pJLRQQDLUHHQWUHVDPLVHHQLOOpJDOLWpHWVRQ UpWDEOLVVHPHQW -1935) /¶pWXGHFL-MRLQWHHVVDLHDSSOLTXpHVXUOHFDVGHOD%XFRYLQHjH[SOLTXHUFRPPHQWDUpXVVLOH 0RXYHPHQW/pJLRQQDLUHjVXUYLYUHGDQVODSpULRGHTXLDVXLYLjVDVRUWLHHQGHKRUVGHODORLHWjOD UpSUHVVLRQG¶DSUqVO¶DVVDVVLQDWGXSUHPLHUPLQLVWUHURXPDLQ,*'XFD3UDWLTXHPHQWjODVXLWHGHOD PLVHHQLOOpJDOLWpOH0RXYHPHQW/pJLRQQDLUHDUpXVVLjVXUYLYUHJUkFHDX[JRXYHUQDQWV5RXPDLQVTXL Q¶RQWSDVUpDOLVpOHSpULODXTXHOLOVV¶H[SRVDLHQWjO¶pURVLRQGHODGpPRFUDWLHGDQVOHVFRQGLWLRQVGX SURORQJHPHQW GH OD FULVH pFRQRPLTXH PDLV DXVVL GHV PpFRQWHQWHPHQWV HW GHV IUXVWUDWLRQV GHV %XFRYLQLHQV/D5RXPDQLHDSURXYpTX¶HOOHDYDLWGHVSUREOqPHVDYHFVDSURSUHOpJDOLWpHWQ¶DSDV THE REORGANIZATION OF THE IRON GUARD 13 compriV j EORTXHU O¶DVFHQVLRQ GH O¶H[WUrPH GURLWH (Q %XFRYLQH OH PRXYHPHQW QDWLRQDOLVWH GH O¶8QLYHUVLWp GH 7FKHUQRYWV\ D HX XQ U{OH LPSRUWDQW /HV pWXGLDQWV VRQW UHVWpV WRXMRXUV ILGqOHV DX 0RXYHPHQWOpJLRQQDLUHHWRQWWUDQVPLVHWUHGpILQLOHPHVVDJHUDGLFDOGH celui-ci. Les organisations FODQGHVWLQHV RQW UHSUpVHQWp XQ IDFWHXU LPSRUWDQW HOOHV RQW SX FRQWLQXHU OHXUV DFWLYLWpV GDQV OHV FRQGLWLRQVGHODPLVHHQLOOpJDOLWp(QWUHFHOOHV-FLVHVRQWUHPDUTXpHVOHV)UDWHUQLWpVGH&URL[TXLRQW pFKDSSpjODYLJLODQFH GHVRUJDQHVG¶RUGUH/HVYLVLWHVFODQGHVWLQHVGH&RUQHOLX=HOHD&RGUHDQXVXU le massif RarăXRQWPDLQWHQXO¶DWWHQWLRQpYHLOOpHVXUO¶LGpHOpJLRQQDLUH3UDWLTXHPHQWHQWUHHW OD0RXYHPHQW/pJLRQQDLUHDFRQWLQXpVRQDFWLYLWpjO¶LQWHUPpGLDLUHGHODMHXQHVVHQDWLRQDOLVWH JDUGDQWLQWDFWVRQFDSLWDOGHFRQILDQFH/D%XFRYLQHDpWpjFHWte occasion, aussi, une des provinces TXL RQW pWp DWWLUpHV SDU OHV LGpHV OpJLRQQDLUHV pWDQW XQ GHV SOXV LPSRUWDQWV ILHIV GHV DGHSWHV GH Codreanu. Mots clef: /H 0RXYHPHQW /pJLRQQDLUH OHV pWXGLDQWV QDWLRQDOLVWHV DVVDVVLQDW O¶H[WUrPH droite, propagandiste. Abstract: The present study tries to explain, for Bukovina, how the Iron Guard managed to ensure its survival in the times of out outlawry and oppression/repression after the assassination of the Romanian Prime-Minister I.G. Duca Practically, after its outlawry, the Legionary Movement PDQDJHGWRVXUYLYHEHFDXVHRIWKHSROLWLFLDQV¶LJQRUDQFHRIWKHGDQJHUWKH\H[SRVHGWKHPVHOYHVWR but also because of the erosion of democracy in the context of an extended economic crisis along with the dissatisfactions and frustrations of the people from Bukovina. Romania showed problems with its own lawfulness and did not understand how to block the rise of the far-Right movement. In Bukovina, an important role was played by the nationalist movement DWWKH&HUQăXĠL8QLYHUVLW\7KHVWXGHQWV remained faithful to the Legionary Movement and redefined its radical message. The clandestine organizations were also significant elements; they continued their activity, even when the Legion was outlawed. Among these, quite prominent were The Sworn Brotherhoods which slipped away from the DXWKRULWLHV¶VLJKW3UDFWLFDOO\VSHDNLQJEHWZHHQDQGWKH/HJLRQDU\0RYHPHQWFRQWLQXHG its activity through the nationalist youth, and kept intact its trust. Due to this, Bukovina was one of the provinces with the greatest interest in legionary ideas and, consequently, it was one of the most LPSRUWDQWILHIVRI&RGUHDQX¶VIROORZHUV Key terms: The Legionary Movement, nationalist students, assassination, Far-Right movement, propagandist The present study tries to explain, for Bukovina, how the Iron Guard managed to ensure its survival in the times of out outlawry and oppression/repression after the assassination of the Romanian Prime-0LQLVWHU,*'XFDRQ6LQDLD¶VUDLOstation platform. The outlawing of the Iron Guard and the SROLWLFDO WULDO LQ ZKLFK WKH *XDUG¶V OHDGHUVKLS ZDV LQYROYHG ZHUH QRW RQO\ D WRXFKVWRQH IRU WKH Guardists. It also involved a new leadership tactics. The repression following the outlawry of the Guard and the assassination from Sinaia did not avoid Bukovina. The authorities arrested the activists belonging to the Iron Guard since the last days of 1993. The trial of the Nicadori (in Romanian: Iron Guard death squads) took place in June 1934 and underlined the end of the tense period after the RXWODZLQJRIWKH*XDUGDQG,*'XFD¶VDVVDVVLQDWLRQ This produced various changes to the law referring to the National defense. Thus, uniforms were banned and public meetings of the political groups were dissolved. The authorities created clandestine organizations which restricted the freedom of the Iron Guard. Corneliu Zelea Codreanu scarcely showed up in public, being present only at great manifestations, or surrounded by his most important collaborators. CodreDQX¶V VROLWXGH ZDV FRQVLGHUHG D ³FDUHIXOO\ WKRXJKW SURSDJDQGLVW VFHQDULRZLWKWKHSXUSRVHRIHQVXULQJWKH/HDGHUZLWKDQD[LRPDWLFZHLJKW´1. For the moment, the activity of the Iron Guard was paralyzed. The Romanian politicians of that time took opposite sides concerning the attitude towards the Guard. If the liberal government adopted harsh measures, such as arresting the most important leaders of the Guard from the entire country (which sometimes led to the death of some Guardists, the opposition members had various opinions. Vaida Voevod noticed that the Guard leader could not hold DVSHHFKLQWKH3DUOLDPHQWDQGODEHOHGKLVDFWLYLW\RQSDUOLDPHQWDU\JURXQGDV³KDUPOHVV´2 Another 7UDQV\OYDQLDQ SROLWLFLDQ 9DOHU 3RS ZDV VXUH WKDW ³-15 Guardist deputies that were publicly ZRUNLQJXQGHUWKH3DUOLDPHQW¶VFRQWURODQGWKHSXEOLFRSLQLRQZHUHOHVVKDUPIXOWKDQDFODQGHVWLQH RUJDQL]DWLRQ RXWVLGH WKH ODZ´3 ,Q KLV GLVFXVVLRQ RQ WKH 1DWLRQDO 'HIHQVH /DZ $UPDQG &ăOLQHVFX declared on April 17th 1934 that it was easier for the Government to keep an eye on the Guard while it 14 Radu Florian Bruja ZDVOHJDOWKDQE\RXWODZLQJLW³)URPWKLVSRLQWRIYLHZ&ăOLQHVFXVDLGWKH,URQ*XDUGVSUHVHQFHDW the national elections was the best way for the State authorities to acknowledge their own UHDOIRUFHV´4 6LPLODUWR&ăOLQHVFX¶VRSLQLRQ&RQVWDQWLQ$UJHWRLDQXDSSUHFLDWHGWKDW³WKHPRUHWKH*XDUGLVWVZHUH SXWRQWKHVFUHZWKHPRUHSRSXODULW\ZRXOGJURZ´5. Grigore Gafencu had also a moderate opinion regarding the Iron Guard, considering that bUXWDOLW\ ZDV QRW WKH ZD\ LQ ZKLFK ³WKH QDWLRQDOLVW DQG \RXWKIXOPRYHPHQW´FRXOGEHVXSSUHVVHG,QUHJDUGVWRWKH*HUPDQLQYROYHPHQWLQ5RPDQLD¶VVWDWH policy through the Far-Right movement, he considered the following: ³D QDWLRQDOLVW PRYHPHQW QR matter how related through its methods with similar movements from Germany or Italy, in the end it does not and cannot follow but the national interests of the country in which it dwells. The Iron Guard is either an undermining movement, supported by the Germans and following German tenets - but then it cannot stir the Romanian masses and remain a public movement with little threat and fearing anyone - or it is a pure national movement and thus, as it deepens, it loses all contact with the foreign movements and streQJWKHQVLWVLQGHSHQGHQWQDWLRQDOFKDUDFWHU´6 ,*'XFD¶VDVVDVVLQDWLRQVXUSULVHGDQXPHURXVSDUWRIWKH%XNRYLQDOHJLRQQDLUHVHVSHFLDOO\ the ones who did not accept