The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity Blackwell Companions to Religion The Blackwell Companions to Religion series presents a collection of the most recent scholarship and knowledge about world religions. Each volume draws together newly-commissioned essays by distinguished authors in the fi eld, and is presented in a style which is accessible to undergradu- ate students, as well as scholars and the interested general reader. These volumes approach the subject in a creative and forward-thinking style, providing a forum in which leading scholars in the fi eld can make their views and research available to a wider audience. Published The Blackwell Companion to Judaism Edited by Jacob Neusner and Alan J. Avery-Peck The Blackwell Companion to Sociology of Religion Edited by Richard K. Fenn The Blackwell Companion to the Hebrew Bible Edited by Leo G. 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Buckley, Frederick Christian Bauerschmidt, and Trent Pomplun The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity Edited by Ken Parry Forthcoming The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament Edited by David Aune The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity Edited by Ken Parry © 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd except for editorial material and organization © 2007 by Ken Parry blackwell publishing 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Ken Parry to be identifi ed as the Author of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 1 2007 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Blackwell companion to Eastern Christianity / edited by Ken Parry. p. cm.–(Blackwell companions to religion) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-631-23423-4 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Eastern churches. I. Parry, Kenneth, 1945– BX106.23.B53 2007 281′.5–dc22 2006038841 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. 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For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com In Memoriam My mother Joan Parry (1920–2005) an inspiration to all who knew her and David Melling (1943–2004) philosopher, liturgist, and generous friend Contents List of Illustrations ix Notes on Contributors xi Preface xv 1 Arab Christianity 1 David Thomas 2 Armenian Christianity 23 Vrej Nerses Nersessian 3 Bulgarian Christianity 47 Ivan Zhelev Dimitrov 4 Byzantine Christianity 73 Hannah Hunt 5 Coptic Christianity 94 Janet A. Timbie 6 Ethiopian Christianity 117 David Appleyard 7 Georgian Christianity 137 Stephen H. Rapp, Jr. 8 Greek Christianity after 1453 156 Vrasidas Karalis 9 Romanian Christianity 186 Mircea Pacurariu 10 Russian Christianity 207 Basil Lourié viii CONTENTS 11 Serbian Christianity 231 Radmila Radic´ 12 Syriac Christianity 249 Heleen Murre-van den Berg 13 Eastern Christianity in the United States 269 Thomas FitzGerald 14 Eastern Christianity in China 280 Jeremias Norman 15 Eastern Catholic Christianity 291 Peter Galadza 16 Eastern Christian Liturgical Traditions: Eastern Orthodox 319 Graham Woolfenden 17 Eastern Christian Liturgical Traditions: Oriental Orthodox 339 Bryan D. Spinks 18 Eastern Christian Iconographic and Architectural Traditions: Eastern Orthodox 368 Alexander Grishin 19 Eastern Christian Iconographic and Architectural Traditions: Oriental Orthodox 388 Lucy-Anne Hunt 20 Eastern Christian Hagiographical Traditions: Eastern Orthodox 420 Dimitri Brady 21 Eastern Christian Hagiographical Traditions: Oriental Orthodox: Syriac Hagiography 439 Eva Synek 22 Eastern Christian Hagiographical Traditions: Oriental Orthodox: Coptic Hagiography 450 Youhanna Nessim Youssef 23 Eastern Christian Hagiographical Traditions: Oriental Orthodox: Armenian Hagiography 458 Vrej Nerses Nersessian 24 Sociology and Eastern Orthodoxy 462 Peter McMylor and Maria Vorozhishcheva Index 480 Illustrations Plates illustrating chapters 18 and 19 are collected between pages 384 and 385 18.1 Church of St Symeon the Stylite, Qal’at Sim’an, Syria, c.476–90. Exterior view from the north-east. 18.2 Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 532–7. Exterior view from the south. 18.3 Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 532–7. Interior view facing apse. 18.4 Deesis, mosaic, c.1261. Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, south gallery. 18.5 Emperor Justinian, chancel mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna, c.546–7. Detail of larger panel of Emperor Justinian with Bishop Maximian, clergy, courtiers and soldiers. 18.6 Christ Pantocrator, encaustic icon, sixth century. Monastery of St Catherine, Mount Sinai. 18.7 Apsidal cross, mosaic. Hagia Eirene, Constantinople, c.753. 18.8 Theotokos and Child, apsidal mosaic, 967. Hagia Sophia, Constantinople. 18.9 Monastery of Daphni, katholikon, near Athens, Greece, c.1100. Exterior view from north-east. 18.10 Pantocrator, dome mosaic. Daphni katholikon, c.1100. 18.11 Monastery of Hosios Loukas, Greece, late tenth and early eleventh centuries. Exterior view from the east. 18.12 Nativity of Christ, fresco. Karanlik Kilise, Göreme Valley, Cappadocia, c.1060s. 18.13 Threnos (Lamentation), fresco. Nerezi, Macedonia, 1164. 18.14 Crucifi xion, fresco. Katholikon of the Monastery of the Virgin, Studenica, Serbia, 1209. 18.15 Anastasis, aspidal fresco. Parekklesion, Chora Monastery, Constantinople, c.1315–21. x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 19.1 Qalb Lozeh Church. View from the south-east. 19.2 Qal’at Sim’an. Reconstruction of the pilgrimage shrine of St Symeon the Stylite. 19.3 Entry into Jerusalem. From a thirteenth-century Syriac lectionary. 19.4 Aght’amar. Church of the Holy Cross, west façade. 19.5 Khatchk’ar of Aputayli. Stone cross, 1225. 19.6 Last Judgement. From a Gospel book illustrated by T’oros Roslin, 1262. 19.7 Nativity. Wall-painting, sanctuary, southern semi-dome, Church of the Virgin, Dayr al-Suryan, Wadi Natrun, Egypt. 19.8 Panel of choir doors. Church of the Virgin, Dayr al-Suryan, Wadi Natrun, Egypt. 19.9 Entry into Jerusalem. Carved wooden panel from the Church of al-Mu’allaqa, Old Cairo. 19.10 Cathedral, Qasr Ibrim. Plan. 19.11 Bishop Marianos protected by the Virgin and Child. Wall-painting from Faras Cathedral. 19.12 Section of stone frieze from the fi rst Cathedral at Faras. 19.13 Christ healing the blind. From a seventeenth-century Gospel book. 19.14 St Antony and the Virgin and Child. From Life of St ’ stE .ifanos and Life of St Abakerazun, manuscript dated to after 1480. 19.15 Processional Cross. Ethiopian, fi fteenth century. Map Huntington’s civilizational map of Europe, p. 477 Notes on Contributors David Appleyard is Professor of the Languages of the Horn of Africa at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. His research interests focus on the Semitic and Cushitic languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea. He has published extensively and among his recent articles is ‘Defi nite markers in modern Ethiopian Semitic lan- guages’, in G. Khan (ed.) Semitic Studies in Honour of Edward Ullendorff (2005). Dimitri Brady teaches in the Department of Adult Education for the City of Manchester. He has contributed a number of articles to K. Parry et al. (eds) The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity (1999), and he researches and publishes on the hagiographical traditions of the Eastern Orthodox Churches. Ivan Zhelev Dimitrov is Professor of Theology at the University of Sofi a in Bulgaria. Since 1976 he has been a representative of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church at pan- Orthodox conferences and preparatory commissions. He specializes in New Testament Studies and has published articles in German as well as Bulgarian; among the more recent is ‘Moderne Bibelübersetzungen in den Laendern des “Neuen Europa” ’, in K. Nikolakopoulos et al. (eds) Orthodoxe Theologie zwischen Ost und West: Festschrift für Prof. Theodor Nikolaou (2002). Thomas FitzGerald is Professor of Church History and Historical Theology at Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology in Brookline, Massachusetts, and a proto- presbyter of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. He is the author of The Orthodox Church (1995) and The Ecumenical Movement: An Introductory History (2004). Peter Galadza holds the Kule Family Chair in Liturgy at the Sheptytsky Institute of Eastern Christian Studies, Saint Paul University, Ottawa. He is the author of The Theol- ogy and Liturgical Work of Andrei Sheptytsky (1865–1944) (2004), and editor-in-chief of The Divine Liturgy: An Anthology for Worship (2004).