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TRAFFIC is a joint programme of WWF and IUCN. Suggested citation: Milledge, S.A.H. and Kaale, B.K. (2005). Bridging the Gap - Linking timber trade with infrastructure development in Southern Tanzania: Baseline data before completion of the Mkapa Bridge. TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Key words: Timber trade, poverty alleviation, miombo woodlands, Tanzania, Rufiji River, Mkapa Bridge. ISBN: 0-9584025-9-0 Front cover photograph: Hard wood logs awaiting collection in village, Rufiji District. Credit: Simon Milledge/TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa 1 BRIDGING THE GAP: Linking Timber Trade with Infrastructural Development in Southern Tanzania – Baseline data before completion of Mkapa Bridge Simon A.H. Milledge Bariki K. Kaale a c i r f A n r e h t u o S / t s a E C I F F A R T / e g d e l l i M n o m i S : t i d e r C 2 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 ABBREVIATIONS 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 INTRODUCTION 8 Forests and national development 8 Isolation of southern Tanzania miombo woodlands and coastal forests 9 Justification for study area 11 METHODOLOGY 13 Data collection of government records 13 Field Research 15 Mapping of logging roads 15 Data analysis 16 Limitations of methodology 18 BACKGROUND 20 National overview 20 Type of land use 20 Forest and woodland distribution and status 21 Trends in forest and woodland degradation 24 Importance of miombo woodlands and coastal forests to development in Tanzania 25 STUDY AREA OVERVIEW 29 VOLUMES OF ROUND WOOD IN TRADE 32 Timber harvest records 32 Timber trade dynamics south of Rufiji River 33 Shipment of timber across Rufiji River 35 Total volume of timber transported north across Rufiji River 38 Estimated harvest pressure by district 39 SPECIES COMPOSITION OF ROUND WOOD IN TRADE 40 Timber harvest records 40 Comparison of timber harvest records between districts 41 Timber moving north of Rufiji River 42 Species composition of timber products 46 Changes in species composition 47 Size of harvested timber 51 Declining sizes of sawn wood 54 1 HARVEST AREAS, DESTINATIONS, MARKETS AND SEASONALITY 55 Major harvest areas in Rufiji District 55 Major harvest areas in Lindi Region 57 Changes in harvest areas 58 Major markets and trade routes 59 Transport across the Rufiji River 61 Vehicle types used for timber trade 62 Seasonal variations in timber trade 65 Trade in key timber species 68 TRADE IN CHARCOAL AND OTHER TIMBER PRODUCTS 73 Introduction 73 Volumes of charcoal traded 74 Charcoal shipments 75 Sources, trade routes and markets for charcoal 75 Other forest products in trade 77 SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TIMBER TRADE 78 Gender of forest product traders 78 Age of forest product traders 79 Education levels of forest product traders 80 DISCUSSION 81 Evidence of linkages between poverty and quality of woodland/forest resources 81 Major challenges 82 RECOMMENDATIONS 89 Costs of not taking action and benefits of taking action 89 Ongoing monitoring of the timber trade 89 Capacity building 90 Empowerment of the local communities 96 Improving forest management plans 96 Additional recommendations 98 REFERENCES 100 ANNEXES 107 Annex 1 Tanzania industrial plantations, 2001 107 Annex 2 Regulatory and institutional framework of the forestry sector 107 Annex 3 Miombo woodlands of Tanzania 112 Annex 4. Description of study area 113 Annex 5. Sample checkpoint form for recording movement of timber products 119 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was made possible through funding provided by the WWF-Miombo Ecoregion Programme whose generous support is gratefully acknowledged. The Embassy of Finland in Dar es Salaam kindly funded the printing of the final report. Various ministries and institutions provided support in implementing the study through the provision of background materials, guidance in formulating study methodologies, interviews and review. We would like to extend our gratitude to those officials who provided timely advice and technical assistance covering a wide range of disciplines, including representatives from: President’s Office (Planning Commission); Vice Presidents Office (Division of Environment); Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (Divisions of Forestry and Beekeeping, Wildlife, Fishery and Tourism); Ministry of Land, Human Settlements and Development; Ministry of Community Development, Women and Children; Ministry of Water and Livestock Development; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Energy and Minerals; Ministry of Communication and Transport; Ministry of Works; National Environment Management Council; Regional Secretariats and local government Councils from Coast, Lindi and Mtwara Regions; Tanzania Harbours Corporation; Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), WWF, Tanzania Forest Conservation Group, REMP-IUCN and TASONABI. This study would not have been possible without the commitment and hard work shown by numerous field research assistants (whose names are deliberately kept anonymous) recruited in Coast and Lindi Regions between October 2001 and January 2002. The authors would also like to express their sincere appreciation to a few key individuals who provided invaluable support, assistance and advice. Special thanks are extended to Prof. S. Iddi (Director of Forestry and Beekeeping), Mr. E. Severre (Director of Wildlife), Mr. T. Maembe (Director of Fisheries), Mr. E. Lyimo (Revenue Officer, Division of Forestry and Beekeeping (FBD)), Mr. Mkeya (Revenue Officer, FBD), Ms. H. Ramadhani (Head of Community Forestry, FBD), Mr. Mgheni (Lindi Natural Resources Officer), Mr. Minde (Rufiji District Forest Officer), Mr. Kisanga (Manager Mtwara Port, Tanzania Harbours Authority), Mr. Senkoro (Ministry of Works), Dr. O. Hamerlynck (Chief Technical Advisor, IUCN), Dr. H. Mwageni (WWF-Tanzania Programme Office (TPO) Country Representative), Mr. S. Mariki (WWF-TPO), Mr. P. Sumbi (WWF-TPO), Mrs. F. Shonhiwa (WWF Southern Africa Regional Programme Office), Dr. D. Gumbo (WWF Miombo Ecoregion Co-ordinator), Ms. N. Doggart (Tanzania Forest Conservation Group), Mr. T. Milliken (Director, TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa), Mr. H. K. Chen (Senior Forest Trade Advisor, TRAFFIC), Mr. D. Newton (National Representative, TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa-South Africa), and Mrs. J. Mremi (formerly Research Officer, TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa). Lastly, but by no means least, Mr. S. Broad, Mrs. J. Gray, Ms. T. Mulliken and Mrs. M. Sirola (TRAFFIC International) are thanked for their thorough and steadfast assistance with the final report review process. 3 ABBREVIATIONS CAWM College of African Wildlife Management (Tanzania) CBNRM Community Based Natural Resource Management CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCD Convention to Combat Desertification CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora DANIDA Danish International Development Agency EAC East African Community ERP Economic Recovery Programme (Tanzania) ESAP Economic and Social Action Programme (Tanzania) FBD Forest and Beekeeping Division (Tanzania) FINNIDA Finnish International Development Agency GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System MDC Mtwara Development Corridor MNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (Tanzania) MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework NCAA Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority NEMC National Environment Management Council (Tanzania) NEPAD The New Partnership for Africa’s Development NFP National Forest Programme (Tanzania) NPES National Poverty Eradication Strategy (Tanzania) OPEC Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries PIC Portfolio Investment Company Limited PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategic Paper (Tanzania) RDFAPTF Rufiji District Forest Action Plan Task Force REMP Rufiji Environment Management Programme SADC Southern Africa Development Corporation TANAPA Tanzania National Parks TASONABI Tanzania Specialists Organisation on Natural Resources and Biodiversity TAWICO Tanzania Wildlife Corporation TAWIRI Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute TFCG Tanzania Forest Conservation Group TFCMP Tanzania Forest Conservation and Management Project TWCM Tanzania Wildlife Conservation Monotoring Unit TWICO Tanzania Wood Industries Corporation TZS Tanzania Shillings UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNEP United Nations