Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2003 The Analysis of Skeletal Fractures from Windover (8BR246) and Their Inference Regarding Lifestyle Rachel Kathleen Smith Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES THE ANALYSIS OF SKELETAL FRACTURES FROM WINDOVER (8BR246) AND THEIR INFERENCE REGARDING LIFESTYLE. By RACHEL KATHLEEN SMITH A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2003 The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Rachel Kathleen Smith defended on July 7, 2003. Glen H. Doran Professor Directing Thesis Rochelle A. Marrinan Committee Member Michael W. Warren Committee Member Approved: Dean Falk, Chair, Department of Anthropology Donald J. Foss, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to express my appreciation for those who have helped me through this incredible learning process. I am deeply indebted to Dr. Glen Doran for his constant support, his enthusiasm for research, and for his generosity of knowledge and information. He has not only provided me with an incredible collection on which to work, but I have also come to depend on his advice and humor, both of which have seen me through the last two years. I would also like to thank my other committee members, Dr. Rochelle Marrinan and Dr. Michael Warren. Dr. Marrinan guided me through the rigors of archaeological field school and it was her advice and attention to detail that made the experience one I will always remember. Dr. Warren was generous enough to provide me with a semester of forensic study, in which he gave of his time and knowledge so that I might increase my proficiency in human skeletal analysis. To both of you, I am deeply indebted. I wish to thank Taylor Sullivan and Mini Sharma for their support and encouragement and for being friends on whom I can depend. I would also like to thank Michael Richardson for his invaluable assistance in all things technical. I wish to thank Triel Lindstrom, who is not only a true friend, but also a source of comfort and laughter through each day. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their continued encouragement. Alan, Leah, Rebecca, Andy, Stefanie, Sonny, and Linda, I appreciate your love and support. To my parents, who are no longer alive, I wish you could be here for this. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................viii ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................... 1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 Bioarchaeology............................................................................................................... 3 Temporal Trends............................................................................................................. 4 Social Structure............................................................................................................... 4 Interpersonal Violence and Warfare .............................................................................. 5 Pathology of Fractures ................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER TWO MATERIALS AND METHODS.................................................... 11 The Windover Site......................................................................................................... 11 Fracture Assessment ..................................................................................................... 12 Data Collection............................................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS OF FRACTURE FREQUENCIES ....................... 17 Fracture Population...................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS ....................................................................................... 38 The Windover Population ............................................................................................. 38 Fractures by Element.................................................................................................... 39 Fractures per Location ................................................................................................. 43 Fractures per Sex and Age............................................................................................ 45 Incidence of Multiple Fractures Among Individuals .................................................... 48 Fracture Assessment Through Time ............................................................................. 52 The Archaic................................................................................................................... 53 Temporal Comparisons................................................................................................. 56 Evidence of Care in the Archaeological Record........................................................... 61 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 62 iv REFERENCES CITED.................................................................................................. 65 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ....................................................................................... 700 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Types of Fractures ........................................................................................ 8 Figure 1.2 The Five Directions of Force ........................................................................ 9 Figure 3.1 Sex Distribution of Total Population .......................................................... 17 Figure 3.2 Age Distribution of Total Population.......................................................... 17 Figure 3.3 Combined Age and Sex Distribution of Windover.................................... 18 Figure 3.4 Total Number of Fractures per Element.................................................... 21 Figure 3.5 Fracture Percentages by Element ............................................................... 22 Figure 3.6 Age Distribution of Fracture Population.................................................... 24 Figure 3.7 Sex Distribution of Fracture Population .................................................... 27 Figure 3.8 Fracture Data for Males............................................................................... 28 Figure 3.9 Fracture Data for Females........................................................................... 29 Figure 3.10 Fracture Data for Indeterminate Sex ....................................................... 30 Figure 3.11 Age Distribution of Fracture Population.................................................. 31 Figure 3.12 Sex and Age Distribution of Fracture Population ................................... 32 Figure 3.13 Incidence of Multiple Fractures per Age Group ..................................... 33 Figure 3.14 Average Number of Fractures per Age Group........................................ 33 Figure 3.15 Degree of Healing by Sex ........................................................................... 34 Figure 3.16 Fracture Alignment .................................................................................... 36 Figure 4.1 Rib Factures per Side................................................................................... 39 Figure 4.2 Age Distributions of Vertebral Fractures .................................................. 40 vi Figure 4.3 Compression Fractures of Vertebrae ......................................................... 41 Figure 4.4 Cranial Fracture Data.................................................................................. 43 Figure 4.5 Fractures per Side and Extremity............................................................... 44 Figure 4.6 Fracture per Age Category.......................................................................... 45 Figure 4.7 Fractures per Age Group............................................................................. 47 Figure 4.8 Most Common Fractures per Sex ............................................................... 48 Figure 4.9 Ages for Individuals with Multiple Fractures............................................ 49 Figure 4.10 Multiple Fractures and Counts ................................................................. 49 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Fracture Totals and Percentages .................................................................. 19 Table 3.2 Fracture Distributions by Locations ............................................................ 22 Table 3.2 Fracture Distributions by Locations ...........................................................