Online Supplementary data – Sexual size dimorphism in salamanders Supplementary data S1. Species data used in this study and references list. Males Females SSD Significant test Ref Species n SVL±SD n SVL±SD Andrias davidianus 2 532.5 8 383.0 -0.280 12 Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 53 277.4±5.2 52 300.9±3.4 0.084 Yes 61 Batrachuperus karlschmidti 10 80.0 10 84.8 0.060 26 Batrachuperus londongensis 20 98.6 10 96.7 -0.019 12 Batrachuperus pinchonii 5 69.6 5 74.6 0.070 26 Batrachuperus taibaiensis 11 92.9±12.1 9 102.1±7.1 0.099 Yes 27 Batrachuperus tibetanus 10 94.5 10 92.8 -0.017 12 Batrachuperus yenyuadensis 10 82.8 10 74.8 -0.096 26 Hynobius abei 24 57.8±2.1 34 55.0±1.2 -0.048 Yes 92 Hynobius amakusaensis 22 75.4±4.8 12 76.5±3.6 0.014 No 93 Hynobius arisanensis 72 54.3±4.8 40 55.2±4.8 0.016 No 94 Hynobius boulengeri 37 83.0±5.4 15 91.5±3.8 0.102 Yes 95 Hynobius formosanus 15 53.0±4.4 8 52.4±3.9 -0.011 No 94 Hynobius fuca 4 50.9±2.8 3 52.8±2.0 0.037 No 94 Hynobius glacialis 12 63.1±4.7 11 58.9±5.2 -0.066 No 94 Hynobius hidamontanus 39 47.7±1.0 15 51.3±1.2 0.075 Yes 96 Hynobius katoi 12 58.4±3.3 10 62.7±1.6 0.073 Yes 97 Hynobius kimurae 20 63.0±1.5 15 72.7±2.0 0.153 Yes 98 Hynobius leechii 70 61.6±4.5 18 66.5±5.9 0.079 Yes 99 Hynobius lichenatus 37 58.5±1.9 2 53.8 -0.080 100 Hynobius maoershanensis 4 86.1 2 80.1 -0.069 101 Hynobius naevius 72.1 76.7 0.063 102 Hynobius nebulosus 14 48.3±2.9 12 50.4±2.1 0.043 Yes 96 Hynobius osumiensis 9 68.4±3.1 15 70.2±3.0 0.026 No 103 Hynobius quelpaertensis 41 52.5±3.8 4 61.3±4.1 0.167 Yes 104 Hynobius schinichisatoi 25 82.9±5.5 8 84.3±8.9 0.016 No 105 Hynobius sonani 21 56.8±6.0 16 58.4±4.4 0.028 No 106 Hynobius takedai 24 57.2±2.0 7 57.8±2.0 0.010 No 107 Hynobius tokyoensis 117 63.1±6.1 36 65.3±6.4 0.034 No 108 Hynobius tsuensis 9 61.9±6.2 4 62.1±3.3 0.003 No 104 Hynobius yangi 18 52.6±4.4 3 57.8±2.4 0.098 No 104 Hynobius yiwensis 14 63.8 10 59.8 -0.062 109 Liua shihi 55 76.4±6.0 61 71.1±7.6 -0.069 Yes 121 Liua tsinpaensis 15 66.1 4 66.0 -0.001 12 Onychodactylus fischeri 35 70.1±3.7 35 66.8±5.8 -0.047 Yes 142 Onychodactylus japonicus 33 62.3±5.7 33 65.3±5.0 0.048 Yes 142 Onychodactylus koreanus 22 66.5±7.7 14 58.2±8.8 -0.124 Yes 142 Onychodactylus nipponoborealis 7 71.3±3.6 7 67.8±5.0 -0.049 No 142 Onychodactylus zhangyapingi 6 64.6±2.2 10 73.5±6.2 0.137 Yes 142 Onychodactylus zhaoermii 20 65.3±4.0 6 76.9±3.3 0.177 Yes 142 Pachyhynobius shangchengensis 7 102.3 9 100.8 -0.014 143 Paradactylodon gorganensis 12 103.8±10.4 15 105.9±15.8 0.020 No 150 Paradactylodon mustersi 19 74.8±8.6 15 73.1±7.3 -0.022 No 151 Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus 10 87.0 10 85.8 -0.013 193 Pseudohynobius shuichengensis 10 101.7±3.1 10 106.0±3.7 0.042 Yes 194 Salamandrella keyserlingii 276 57.6±0.2 130 61.7±0.4 0.071 Yes 203 Siren intermedia 1200 282.4 1200 216.9 -0.231 205 Dicamptodon copei 6 96.6 2 101.8 0.053 81 I Online Supplementary data – Fèlix Amat Males Females SSD Significant test Ref Species n SVL±SD n SVL±SD Dicamptodon ensatus 3 122.9 3 208.2 0.694 81 Ambystoma annulatum 111 92.0±0.6 44 95.0±0.9 0.032 Yes 1 Ambystoma bishopi 23 43.8±3.2 27 46.1±5.0 0.052 Yes 2 Ambystoma cingulatum 13 50.4±4.4 23 52.3±5.9 0.037 No 2 Ambystoma jeffersonianum 69 72.8±0.9 115 82.0±0.7 0.126 Yes 3 Ambystoma laterale 22 52.9 18 56.6 0.069 4 Ambystoma macrodactylum 196 60.9±0.2 203 64.3±0.2 0.055 Yes 5 Ambystoma maculatum 394 85.0±0.6 261 95.0±0.5 0.117 Yes 6 Ambystoma opacum 7 56.0±4.6 10 63.3±1.9 0.130 Yes 7 Ambystoma talpoideum 13 56.2 9 60.1 0.069 8 Ambystoma texanum 58 72.8 36 77.7 0.067 4 Ambystoma tigrinum 43 101.9±11.7 11 91.8±8.6 -0.099 Yes 9 Calotriton arnoldi 38 59.5±0.2 27 60.3±0.3 0.013 Yes 59 Calotriton asper 422 61.2 332 62.2 0.016 60 Cynops cyanurus 16 78.0 13 87.3 0.119 62 Cynops ensicauda 23 55.5 30 61.2 0.102 63 Cynops fudingensis 4 39.8±1.2 6 44.1±1.3 0.108 Yes 64 Cynops glaucus 8 35.7±0.6 21 45.7±3.1 0.280 Yes 65 Cynops orientalis 52 40.1±1.9 110 48.0±3.1 0.197 Yes 66 Cynops pyrrhogaster 46 49.0±2.9 24 55.7±5.0 0.136 Yes 67 Chioglossa lusitanica 64 45.5±0.2 67 47.1±0.2 0.035 Yes 68 Ichthyosaura alpestris 20 46.3±6.4 33 55.3±2.7 0.194 Yes 110 Echinotriton chinhaiensis 12 66.7 10 82.3 0.233 12 Euproctus montanus 24 47.5 55 45.9 -0.033 83 Euproctus platycephalus 80 55.7±7.1 45 47.1±3.8 -0.154 Yes 84 Laotriton laoensis 154 91.0±4.0 120 101.0±6.0 0.109 Yes 115 Lissotriton boscai 12 35.9±0.7 10 41.6±0.8 0.158 Yes 116 Lissotriton helveticus 139 36.0±0.1 232 38.0±0.1 0.055 Yes 117 Lissotriton italicus 14 33.8±0.03 21 34.5±0.06 0.020 Yes 118 Lissotriton montandoni 142 41.1±2.4 173 47.4±3.2 0.153 Yes 119 Lissotriton vulgaris 88 40.0.0 72 40.9 0.022 120 Lyciasalamandra antalyana 9 66.4 11 68.0 0.024 122 Lyciasalamandra atifi 25 63.4±1.2 42 58.8±1.4 -0.072 Yes 123 Lyciasalamandra billae 8 62.5 8 63.5 0.016 124 Lyciasalamandra fazilae 13 61.1±1.3 8 62.3±4.0 0.019 No 125 Lyciasalamandra flavimembris 8 44.7 14 59.7 0.335 126 Lyciasalamandra luschani 6 65.6±3.0 13 60.4±7.2 -0.079 No 127 Mertensiella caucasica 22 63.9±3.7 26 63.7±3.9 -0.003 No 128 Neurergus crocatus 34 69.2±3.6 19 76.2±3.8 0.101 Yes 130 Neurergus kaiseri 58 54.8±0.5 41 63.6±0.8 0.160 Yes 131 Neurergus strauchii 24 69.8±0.9 15 79.6±0.9 0.140 Yes 132 Notophthalmus perstriatus 450 33.5±1.6 556 35.6±2.7 0.062 Yes 133 Notophthalmus viridescens 14 42.4 19 44.5 0.049 134 Ommatotriton nesterovi 12 57.2±1.2 8 65.3±1.3 0.141 Yes 140 Ommatotriton ophryticus 43 70.4±4.6 49 58.9±4.4 -0.163 Yes 141 Ommatotriton vittatus 15 46.3±3.1 15 43.0±4.5 -0.071 Yes 141 Pachytriton archospotus 8 87.2±6.5 13 92.0±6.3 0.055 No 144 Pachytriton brevipes 18 88.9±5.6 7 78.6±3.6 -0.115 Yes 145 Pachytriton feii 18 73.3±8.6 13 81.6±7.5 0.113 Yes 146 Pachytriton granulosus 9 69.0±6.1 11 70.9±7.7 0.027 No 146 II Online Supplementary data – Sexual size dimorphism in salamanders Males Females SSD Significant test Ref Species n SVL±SD n SVL±SD Pachytriton inexpectatus 12 85.9±9.6 17 92.3±9.4 0.074 No 146 Pachytriton labiatus 15 86.0 18 88.9 0.033 147 Pachytriton wuguanfui 2 86.1±0.8 6 83.5±6.1 -0.030 No 148 Pachytriton xanthospilos 6 87.0±9.6 17 91.7±7.1 0.054 No 149 Paramesotriton caudopunctatus 20 71.5 20 75.4 0.054 12 Paramesotriton chinensis 5 76.0±11.0 3 82.0±5.0 0.078 No 152 Paramesotriton ermizhaoi 5 56.1±3.1 6 56.3±2.7 0.003 No 153 Paramesotriton fuzhongensis 4 81.5 3 77.0 -0.055 154 Paramesotriton hongkongensis 100 66.9±0.2 100 70.2±0.2 0.049 Yes 155 Paramesotriton longliensis 4 77.3±5.6 3 78.8±6.8 0.019 No 156 Paramesotriton maolanensis 3 94.1±4.3 2 114.7 0.218 157 Paramesotriton wulingensis 5 71.6±1.7 5 69.3±3.3 -0.032 No 158 Paramesotriton yunwuensis 3 99.5 5 82.9 -0.166 159 Paramesotriton zhijinensis 7 58.1±3.9 7 63.0±4.6 0.084 No 160 Pleurodeles nebulosus 8 60.5 11 59.3 -0.019 185 Pleurodeles poireti 16 45.4 6 50.3 0.107 185 Pleurodeles waltli 158 79.7±9.0 142 83.4±11.9 0.046 Yes 186 Salamandra algira 42 95.3±7.9 17 99.0±7.8 0.038 No 128 Salamandra atra 20 58.2±2.6 17 59.6±2.8 0.024 No 199 Salamandra corsica 5 99.8 6 102.6 0.028 200 Salamandra infrainmaculata 149 129.4 121 134.9 0.042 201 Salamandra lanzai 11 74.2±2.8 9 74.0±3.8 -0.002 No 200 Salamandra salamandra 32 102.1±1.5 6 105.5±2.4 0.033 Yes 202 Salamandrina perspicillata 33 33.8±1.6 33 38.7±1.9 0.144 Yes 204 Taricha granulosa 805 58.2±0.2 945 54.8±0.03 -0.058 Yes 208 Taricha torosa 4 67.4±6.9 2 66.2±3.4 -0.017 No 209 Triturus carnifex 45 75.1±1.1 40 76.2±0.7 0.014 Yes 214 Triturus cristatus 8 68.3±2.2 3 73.6±8.3 0.077 No 215 Triturus dobrogicus 26 65.0±8.8 21 68.9±6.6 0.060 No 216 Triturus karelinii 40 76.9±5.6 46 75.6±10.1 -0.016 No 215 Triturus macedonicus 9 74.4±4.2 8 81.4±4.1 0.094 Yes 215 Triturus marmoratus 35 68.5±3.3 67 71.9±3.1 0.049 Yes 217 Triturus pygmaeus 42.3 43.9 0.037 218 Tylototriton anguliceps 2 61.8 5 70.6±3.4 0.142 219 Tylototriton anhuiensis 69.2 68.1 -0.015 220 Tylototriton asperrimus 20 65.8 6 87.0 0.322 12 Tylototriton broadoridgus 29 66.5±3.2 3 83.3±6.1 0.252 Yes 221 Tylototriton hainanensis 4 75.0 7 76.3 0.017 12 Tylototriton himalayanus 32 71.9±6.1 13 76.0±7.5 0.057 No 222 Tylototriton kweichowensis 13 96.2 6 110.8 0.151 12 Tylototriton liuyangensis 8 69.4±5.5 6 84.0±2.5 0.210 Yes 223 Tylototriton notialis 2 66.8 2 81.1 0.214 224 Tylototriton panhai 2 73.5 2 86.3 0.174 225 Tylototriton podichthys 13 66.9 2 75.5 0.128 225 Tylototriton shanjing 10 73.6 10 83.3 0.131 12 Tylototriton taliangensis 10 93.1 10 103 0.106 12 Tylototriton uyenoi 9 68.1 2 73.8 0.083 225 Tylototriton verrucosus 20 63.9±6.1 19 77.8±10.0 0.217 Yes 226 Necturus maculosus 148.8 167.7 0.127 129 Rhyacotriton cascadae 208 46.5 227 49.5 0.064 196 III Online Supplementary data – Fèlix Amat Males Females SSD Significant test Ref Species n SVL±SD n SVL±SD Rhyacotriton kezeri 52.0 55.0 0.057 197 Rhyacotriton olympicus 59.0 57.3 -0.028 197 Rhyacotriton variegatus 59 43.6±0.2 23 42.1±0.2 -0.034 Yes 198 Amphiuma means 117 404.5 147 398.1 -0.015 10 Amphiuma tridactylum 80 555.0±1.1 59 545.0±1.3 -0.018 Yes 11 Aneides aeneus 52.8±1.4 57.1±1.1 0.081 13 Aneides ferreus 57.1 58.1 0.017 14 Aneides flavipunctatus 65.4 69.0 0.055 15 Aneides lugubris 59.8 62.5 0.045 16 Aquiloeurycea cafetalera 2 45.5±3.8 6 49.9±6.4 0.096 No 17 Aquiloeurycea cephalica 8 45.3±3.9 15 47.3±4.5 0.044 Yes 17 Aquiloeurycea quetzalanensis 2 35.7±5.1 4 32.8±4.3 -0.081 No 17 Atylodes genei 55 52.8 50 52 -0.015 18 Batrachoseps altasierrae 8 38.0±2.4 8 40.1±3.5 0.055 No 19 Batrachoseps attenuatus 42.3 42.2 -0.002 20 Batrachoseps bramei 10 34.3±2.4 11 35.5±3.8 0.034 No 19 Batrachoseps campi 5 42.0±2.5 7 53.0±4.0 0.261 Yes 21 Batrachoseps diabolicus 10 36.2±2.4 10 38.9±4.4 0.074