GRAVEYARD MONUMENT EASN SI T LOTHIAN by ANGUS GRAHAM, M.A., F.S.A., F.S.A.SCOT. INTRODUCTORY THE purpos thif eo s pape amplifo t s ri informatioe yth graveyare th n no d monuments of East Lothian that has been published by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland.1 The Commissioners made their survey as long ago as 1913, and at that time their policy was to describe all pre-Reformation tombstones but, of the later material, to include only such monuments as bore heraldic device possesser so d some very notable artisti historicar co l interest thein I . r recent Inventories, however, they have included all graveyard monuments which are earlier in date than 1707, and the same principle has accordingly been followed here wit additioe latey hth an r f eighteenth-centurno y material which called par- ticularly for record, as well as some monuments inside churches when these exempli- fied types whic ordinarile har witt graveyardsyn hme i insignie Th . incorporatef ao d trades othed an , r emblems relate deceasea o dt d person's calling treatee ar , d separ- n appendixa atel n i y ; this material extends inte nineteentth o h centurye Th . description individuaf o s l monuments, whic takee har n paris parisy hb alphan hi - betical order precedee ar , reviea generae y th b df w o l resultsurveye th f so , with observations on some points of interest. To avoid typographical difficulties, all inscriptions are reproduced in capital letters irrespectiv nature scripe th th f whicf n eo i eto h the actualle yar y cut. Square brackets occurrin inscription a e tex f th o t n gi n indicate thaworde th t r lettero s s within the e illegiblemar t havbu , e been supplied question-mara , k being added when the restoration is uncertain. Words or letters in round brackets have never existed on the stone, but have been inserted for the sake of clarity. All ligatures have been expanded. e six-figurTh e o loo-kmreferencet l al e . ar ssquar e , th formerl f NT eo , 36 y National Grid, and will be found on i-inch O.S. sheets, 7th series, Nos. 62 (Edin- (Dunbar)burgh3 6 d an ) . Thes precedee ear referencesy db forme th n ,i , e.g. SE.7 4 , , sheet6-ince e th th Nationaf n o st o o h p O.Sma .l Grid lines. I wis acknowledgo ht e with gratitud generoue th e s contribution cose f th o t o t s publishing this paper that have been Eas e madth ty Lothiaeb n County Councid an l the Council for British Archaeology; and also to express my indebtedness to all those who hav cours e workee th helpe th n f i e o , e particularl d. m Dobie R . M , r C.B.E.yM , . RichardsonS . J r M , LL.D. CalderT . , . S H.R.S.A. G . ,C . I A.R.I.A.S. r r M ,M d an , Scott, D.A. (Edin.) 1 Inventory of the Ancient Monuments and Constructions of East Lothian (H.M.S.O., 1924). Referred to below as Inventory. A list of the abbreviated titles used in references is given at the end of the paper. 212 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , ig6o-6l SUMMAR DISCUSSIOD YAN N i. Types of Monument The monuments fall naturally into classes, some of which are clearly denned while others show mutual relationships. Subject to this proviso they may be des- cribe followss da . (i) Early medieval headstones. A small disk-headed cross is to be seen at Gullane (No. i), and a rather similar stone at North Berwick, St Andrew's (No. i). The latter probably originated at the Cistercian convent, and both probably date from the twelfth century. A fragment at Tyninghame (No. 5) may possibly belong in this class. (ii) Coped grave-covers. A group of three coped grave-covers occurs at Oldham- stocks (Nos , wher3) . bas, e Romanesquia 2 ,eth f eo e piealss ha ro survived. They probable ar y thirteente 'oth f h century l beaAl .r tile decorationthef o me a on d an , pattern of crosses contained within squares. Parts of another are preserved at North Berwick t Andrew'S , s (No. 2) . (iii) Calvary cross-slabs. Complete grave-slabs bearing stepped crosses incisen di outline are found at Dunglass (Nos. 2, 3), Gullane (No. 2), Luffhess (No. i), Seton (Nos. i, 2), Smeaton House (No. i) and Tranent (Nos. 13, 25); the two halves of another separatn i , e re-use t Dunbaa , r (Nos. n fragmen,a 12)d an ; whaf s o t wa t probably anothe t Setoa r e Gullann Th (No . 3) e. exampl s cros it thics ei s d s i kan comparatively plais shor stockd ha nan d t limb-endsyan , features whic daty hema e twelft s earlth a s o a yt h t century.i e otherTh s probably belone lateth ro gt medieva1 l periods; the one at Smeaton has been allotted to the fifteenth century, and there are reasons for dating the one at Luffness to the beginning of the sixteenth2 century3 and No. 13 at Tranent to the end of the fifteenth.4 It is uncertain whether the true yar e graveyard monuments f the o todae mx ar si ys a ,insid e churched an s the other simila a hav y d sma eha r origi beed nan n turne t whedou n alterations were being made. n generaI 5 l they bear marginal bands, define incisey b d d linesn i , epitaphe th t whiccu presente se whear har y t Smeatonna an ; e exceptionon e ,th e sar and perhaps also No. 2 at Gullane, which was re-used and partly defaced in the seventeenth Tranentcenturyd an o (Seton 3 . 13 . Tw ).No , No sho, wchalica n ei outline. (iv) Other medieval grave-covers recumbentd an slabs. e miniaturTh e cove smala f o r l child's grave at Gullane (No. 12) most probably dates from the twelfth century; two sword-bearing grave-cover t Tyninghamsa e (Nos) fro 3 fourteenthe , mth 2 . a d an ; fragmentary cross-slab with a floreate head at Gullane (No. u) from the same centur r lateryo . Numbe t Norta 4 r h Berwick t Andrew'sS , , which show knigha s t in the armour of the late fourteenth or early fifteenth century, probably originated same insidth t echurche a siteeth 3 . , whic;No h evidently commemorate fifteenthsa - century prioress, no doubt came from the convent church; while No. 6 at St Andrew's I am indebted for this suggestion to Mr C. A. Ralegh Radford, F.B.A., F.S.A. 1 3 Inventory,2 . 152No . R.M.S., 1424-1513 . 2455No , . 4 Inventory, p. 114. 6 On the movements of the North Berwick stones see pp. 244 f. GRAVEYARD MONUMENTS IN EAST LOTHIAN 213 t Setona 4 . , beinNo d gan bot thef ho m matrice brassesf so , must have begun their lives inside churches though the latter was, in fact, dug up outside. Fragment f grave-covero s n secondari e s uprigha ar s e us y t grave-markert a s Dirleton (No. i), Gullane (Nos. 3 to 6) and Innerwick (No. i); another is lying loose at Keith (No. i). (v) Post-Reformation recumbent slabs. Although burial inside churche bannes swa d e Boo th f Discipline, ko y b e practicth 1 e certainly continue post-Reformation di n times, and slabs of the seventeenth century are still in place in the church floors at Dunglass (Nos. i, 4, 5) and Seton (No. 5). It is also open to question whether some of the slabs now lying in graveyards may2 or may not have found their way there when the churches were rebuilt or refloored. Examples which suggest themselves are, among others, No. 4 at Bolton, No. 2 at Gullane or No. 8 at Haddington. In vie f theswo e uncertainties e post-Reformatioth l al , n recumbent slab e herar s e treate singla s da e series. e earlies recumbenf o Th e us t t slabs afte Reformatioe th r exemplifies ni e th y db crude adaptation of two medieval slabs at Dunglass (Nos. 2, 3), in 1592 and 1607 respectively. Apart from these seriee th , s appear begio st t a n 9 wit d han Nos7 , 5 . Seton, of 1608, 1604 and 1608 respectively, and the single slab remaining at Whittingehame Castle, of 1611; while other fairly early examples are No. i at Dunbar, of 1627, No. 12 at Tranent, of 1638, and perhaps also one of the pair num- bere t Haddingtona d8 this a , s last, thoug inscriptios hit vanisheds nha , preservesa slightly tapered outline reminiscent of the medieval grave-covers. The same is true of the slab at Whittingehame Castle, where the taper is more pronounced. In general, however, legible date thesn so e slabs ten falo dt l int secone oth de halth f fo seventeenth century, though thi s wely facmisleadine b ma lt naturalls i t i s ga e yth earlier dates that are most likely to have been lost through weathering. A common scheme of decoration includes a marginal band, four or five inches wide and defined by grooves,3 with various arrangements of funerary emblems and initials, often combined wit a hshield , occupyin e enclosegth d space e mottTh .