Tribe Cicereae Scientific Classification Kingdom: Plantae Subkingdom: Tracheobionta (Vascular plants) Superdivision: Spermatophyta (Seed plants) Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants) Class: Rosopsida Batsch, 1788 Subclass: Rosidae Takht., 1967 SuperOrder: Fabanae R. Dahlgren ex Reveal, 1993 Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae o Papilionacee Subfamily: Faboideae o Papilionoideae Tribe: Cicereae Aleféld. Fruit a legume; unilocular; 1.8–3.6; 0.7–2 cm; with deciduous calyx; without orifice formed by curving of fruit or fruit segments; straight; not plicate; not twisted; symmetrical; elliptic to oblong to obovate to rhombic (elongate); not inflated; terete; without beak; short tapered at apex; apex aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit; short tapered at base; base aligned with longitudinal axis of fruit; with the apex and base uniform in texture; membranous; seed chambers externally invisible. Fruit margin not constricted; without sulcus; plain. Fruit wings absent. Fruit nonstipitate. Fruit with all layers dehiscing; splitting along sutures. Dehiscence of valves along both sutures; apical and down; active or passive; with valves twisting. Replum invisible. Epicarp dull; monochrome; brown or yellow (-brown); glabrous or pubescent and indurate; with 1 type of pubescence; pilose; with pubescence gray; with pubescence uniformly distributed; with simple hairs; pliable; with hair bases plain; glandular or eglandular; with glandular hairs; without spines; not smooth; with elevated features; obliquely veined relative to fruit length; not tuberculate; not exfoliating; without cracks. Mesocarp thin; 1-layered; without balsamic vesicles; without fibers; solid; coriaceous. Endocarp glossy; monochrome; tan; smooth; nonseptate; chartaceous; not exfoliating; remaining fused to mesocarp and epicarp; entire. Seeds 1–2(–7); touching, or neither overlapping nor touching; in 1 series. Funiculus measured; 1.5 mm long; of 1 length only; thick; straight. Aril absent. Seed 4–11; 2.5–9; 3–7 mm; overgrown, 1 seed filling entire fruit cavity; angular or not angular; asymmetrical; ovate or bilobed, ramshead-shaped (typically beaked); terete to quadrangular; with surface grooved; with grooves longitudinal; with or without visible radicle and cotyledon lobes; without umbo on seed faces. Testa not adhering to endocarp; dull; not modified by a bloom; colored or clear (C. arietinum) ; monochrome or mottled; with frequent mottles; black, brown, cream, gray, green, ivory, olive, orange (yellowish), pink (gray-brown), red, tan, white, or yellow; glabrous; smooth or not smooth; with elevated features; shagreen, tuberculate, warty, wrinkled, or echinate; coriaceous. Fracture lines absent. Rim absent. Raphe from lens to base of seed and bifurcating (C. arietinum); bifurcating at base of seed with each arm going up antiraphe side, then turning (U-shaped) down and approaching bifurcation; color of or darker than testa; tan, brown, or black; flush or recessed. Hilum visible; with faboid split; with the lips of the faboid split the same color as the rest of the hilum; larger than punctiform; 0.5–1.7 mm long; with curved outline; circular or elliptic; marginal according to radicle tip or between cotyledon and radicle lobe; recessed; within rim or not within corona, halo, or rim. Hilum rim color lighter than or color of testa. Lens discernible; equal to or greater than 0.5 mm in length; 2 mm long; with margins straight or curved; triangular; elliptic; not in groove of raphe; adjacent to hilum; 1.5–2 mm from hilum; mounded or recessed; same color as or dissimilar color from testa; darker than testa; red; not within corona, halo, or rim. Endosperm thin; covering entire embryo; adnate to testa. Cotyledons smooth or not smooth; wrinkled (replicating testa surface); both outer faces convex; both the same thickness; both more or less of equal length; not folded; margin entire 180 degrees from base of radicle; similar at apex; partially concealing radicle; split over radicle; with lobes; with lobes touching (auriculate); with basal groin formed by lobes; with the interface division terminating at base of radicle; without margins recessed; white; inner face flat; glabrous around base of radicle. Embryonic axis straight, or deflexed; parallel or oblique to length of seed. Radicle linear; lobe tip straight or curved; straight with embryonic axis or oblique to cotyledons; centered between cotyledons; less than 1/2 length of cotyledons. Plumule well developed; glabrous. Distribution: Turkey south to Israel and east to the Himalayas and Central Asia; also in Morocco, Egypt, Ethiopia, Greece, and Crete. Cicer arietinum is widely cultivated. Notes: After a cladistic analysis using morphological characters, including internal seed morphology, Endo and Ohashi (1997) proposed that Cicereae and Fabeae form a monophyletic group whose sister group is Trifolieae . Van der Maesen (1972, 1987) monographed Cicer. Lersten and Gunn (1981, 1982) discussed the seed morphology and testa topography of Cicer species, which supported the separation of Cicereae from the Fabeae (Werker, 1997). Following traditions in the Indian subcontinent, Summerfield and Roberts (1985) recognized two groups for the guidance of plant breeders: a) genotypes producing large, rounded, pale cream-colored seeds (greater than 25 g per 100 seeds) borne on tall plants (Kabuli), and b) genotypes producing smaller irregularly shaped, variously-colored seeds (less than 25 g per 100 seeds) borne on relatively short to prostrate plants. In synthesis the Cicereae tribe has the following caratteristics: Herbs annual or perennial, glandular hairy. Leaves imparipinnate with rachis terminating in a leaflet, or paripinnate with rachis terminating in a tendril; stipules toothed at margin; leaflets 3 to many, margin serrate. Inflorescence axillary, a 2–5-flowered raceme or solitary flower. Calyx somewhat gibbous at base, 5-toothed; teeth equal or unequal. Stamens diadelphous. Style curved, glabrous. Legume inflated, 1–10-seeded, glandular hairy. Seeds subspheroid, beaked. One genus and ca. 43 species: Mediterranean region to C Asia, extending to the Canary Islands and NE tropical Africa, one species widely cultivated; two species (one introduced) in China. Over the tribe Cicereae , other belonging tribes to the subfamily Faboideae are: 2 Abreae : Shrubs or shrublets, often climbing. Leaves paripinnate; leaflets many paired; rachis terminated by a bristle; stipels absent. Racemes terminal or subterminal. Flowers fasciculate on rachis. Calyx truncate with short teeth. Corolla papilionaceous, claw of standard ± adnate to staminal sheath. Stamens 9; filaments connate into a sheath split above (adaxially); vexillary stamen absent; anthers uniform. Ovary with numerous ovules; style glabrous. Legumes compressed, 2-valved, subseptate but not breaking up into separate joints. Seeds subglobose or ellipsoid, shiny, sometimes brightly colored. One genus and 17 species: one in SW Asia, two in tropical Asia, one in Africa and Asia, seven in Africa only, five in Madagascar, and one pantropical; two species are indicated: A. precatorius L., 1767 (Seeds conspicuously glossy black and red, subglobose; legume 2–3.5 cm, apex emarginate below style) and A. pulchellus Wallich ex Thwaites, 1859 (Seeds uniformly dark brown to almost black, compressed; legume (3–)5–6.5 cm, apex slightly acuminate). Acacieae : Trees, shrubs, or lianas, armed or unarmed. Stipules spinescent or not. Leaves bipinnate or modified to phyllodes by dilation of petiole and proximal part of rachis; extrafloral nectaries usually present on petiole and rachis or absent; leaflets opposite, sessile or shortly stalked. Inflorescences consisting of pedunculate heads or spikes borne in axillary clusters or aggregated into terminal panicles. Flowers bisexual, or male and bisexual, tetra- or pentamerous, uniform. Sepals connate, valvate. Petals valvate, rarely absent. Stamens numerous, exserted; filaments free or connate at base; anthers glandular or not. Ovary sessile or stipitate; ovules many or 2 rows; style filiform; stigma capitate, small. Legume extremely variable, dehiscent or indehiscent; endocarp not separated from exocarp, not forming envelope around each seed. Seeds usually elliptic to oblong, ± flattened, with a hard blackbrown testa with pleurogram, wingless; aril usually absent, but present in some phyllodic species. One genus recognized here and ca. 1,450 species: distributed in the tropics and subtropics, especially Africa and Australia; 18 species (three endemic, seven introduced) in China. Adesmieae : Aeschynomeneae : Herbs or shrubs, sometimes scandent, rarely small trees, sometimes glandular with pellucid punctate or with tuberculate-based hairs. Leaves pari- or imparipinnate; leaflets usually 5 to many, sometimes 1–4, alternate or opposite; stipules sometimes appendiculate below point of attachment, sometimes spinescent; stipels usually absent. Inflorescences racemose or sometimes paniculate, fasciculate, or subcymose, or flowers solitary, axillary or terminal; bracts similar to stipules or large and circular, often enclosing flowers and fruit; bracteoles paired. Calyx campanulate with subequal lobes or teeth, or bilabiate. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10, usually monadelphous or diadelphous (5+5); anthers uniform or dimorphic. Legumes usually a loment or lomentaceous (except Arachis unjointed and geocarpic), usually straight or slightly curved, or sometimes coiled or plicate, enclosed in calyx. Seeds reniform; hilum short, lateral. About 23 genera ( Arthrocarpum I.