Revista Internacional de Apoyo a la Inclusión, Logopedia, Sociedad y Multiculturalidad. Volumen 7, Número 1, enero 2021, ISSN: 2387-0907. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17561/riai.v7.n1.4 Sexual and gender-based violence in migration context: Needs, gaps and good practices Violencia sexual y de género en el contexto de la migración: necesidades, brechas y buenas prácticas Sexuelle und geschlechtsspezifische Gewalt im Migrationskontext: Bedarfe, Lücken und gute Praktiken La violence sexuelle et sexiste dans le contexte de la migration : Besoins, lacunes et bonnes pratiques Violência sexual e baseada no gênero no contexto da migração: Necessidades, lacunas e boas práticas Violenza sessuale e di genere nel contesto migratorio: Esigenze, lacune e buone pratiche Сексуальное и гендерное насилие в контексте миграции: Потребности, пробелы и передовой опы 移民の文脈における性とジェンダーに基づく暴力 ニーズ、ギャップ、グッドプラクティス 移徙背景下的性暴力和基于性别的暴力。需求、差距和良好做法 María Aranda López Marta García Domingo [email protected] [email protected] David Moreno Molina Belén Agrela Romero [email protected] [email protected] Teresa Fernández Contreras Beatriz Montes Berges [email protected] [email protected] Juana Mª Morcillo Martínez [email protected] Universidad de Jaén (España) Universidad de Jaén (España) Páginas 64-81 Fecha recepción: 23/11/2020 Fecha aceptación: 29/12/2020 Abstract. The first goal of the present work was to identity needs and gaps in interventions for migrant and refugee victims of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in Spain. The second goal was to develop a guide for itineraries, resources and good practices to address the gaps detected. To produce data pertaining to the first purpose, we used a qualitative approach and focus groups (FGs) with institutional operators and representatives of the Third Sector. In total, six FGs were conducted with 35 key informants. The results of the study showed that existing services and resources are, in general, sufficient to cover the needs of the target group. However, some issues, such as excessive bureaucracy, re-victimization, difficulties regarding legal regularization, cultural barriers and the scant presence of cultural mediators were revealed. Regarding the second goal, a guide was created on the legal framework, itineraries and resources for migrant and refugee victims of SGBV, to ensure good practices and incorporate cultural mediation as an essential element to guarantee optimal use of services. Keywords: gender-based violence; migrant women; minors; sexual violence; gaps; good practices 64 Revista Internacional de Apoyo a la Inclusión, Logopedia, Sociedad y Multiculturalidad. Volumen 7, Número 1, enero 2021, ISSN: 2387-0907. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17561/riai.v7.n1.4 Resumen. El primer objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar las necesidades y lagunas en la intervención con migrantes y refugiadas víctimas de violencia sexual y de género (VSG) en España. El segundo objetivo fue desarrollar una guía sobre los itinerarios, recursos y buenas prácticas que permitan solventar las brechas detectadas. Para la producción de datos del primer propósito nos servimos del enfoque cualitativo y la herramienta de los grupos focales con representantes institucionales y operadores del Tercer Sector. Se organizaron seis grupos focales con 35 informantes clave. Los resultados mostraron que los recursos existentes dan cobertura en gran medida a las necesidades del grupo destinatario. Sin embargo, se señalaron algunas limitaciones como la burocracia excesiva, la revictimización, las dificultades en los procesos de regularización, las barreras culturales o la escasa presencia de mediadores/as culturales. Para la consecución del segundo objetivo se partió de un análisis documental y de los datos de los grupos focales. El resultado fue una guía que aúna el marco legal, los itinerarios y los recursos destinados a personas migrantes y refugiadas víctimas de VSG; proporcionando un espacio clave para las buenas prácticas y la incorporación de la mediación cultural para garantizar el mejor aprovechamiento de los servicios. Palabras clave: violencia de género; mujeres migrantes; menores; violencia sexual; brechas; buenas prácticas 1.-Introducción. In recent decades, people forced to migrate have been exposed to multiple dangers. The hardening of European migration policies has made it more difficult for thousands of people to settle in Europe. Thus, an increasing number of migrants have sought alternative routes with extremely dangerous conditions (Cortés, 2019; UN Refugee Agency-UNHCR, 2017). In particular, there has been an increase in arrivals from 2016 to the present on the southern border of Spain. Border controls outside the European Union (EU) have resulted in the transfer of arrivals from the eastern Mediterranean and Balkans route, and the central Mediterranean route, to the western Mediterranean route. Accordingly, in 2018 Spain registered the highest number of arrivals along the three Mediterranean routes, totaling 66,194 people (Cortés, 2019). In the first half of 2019, the main countries of origin of the migrants arriving at the southern border were Morocco (29.4%), Guinea (12.9%), Algeria (12.2%), Mali (11.4%), Ivory Coast (9.1%), Senegal (7.5%), Syria (3.2%), Tunisia (3.2%) and Palestine (1.4%). Regarding the sex distribution of the migrants arriving at the Spanish southern border, UNHCR (2019) has reported that 75% are men, 12% are women and 13% are boys and girls. In Spain, according to the annually published "Asylum in Figures" report of the Asylum and Refugee Office of the Ministry of the Interior (2018 edition, published in September 2019), there were 55,749 formal applications in 2018, of which 34% were by men and 42.66% by women. This represents an increase of 75% compared to the 31,740 65 Revista Internacional de Apoyo a la Inclusión, Logopedia, Sociedad y Multiculturalidad. Volumen 7, Número 1, enero 2021, ISSN: 2387-0907. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17561/riai.v7.n1.4 applications registered in 2017. Venezuela, Colombia and Syria continue to be the leading countries of origin of applicants for international protection in Spain. The number of international protection applications submitted up to 2019 was 73,601 (40,260 and 33,341 for men and women, respectively). The “gender order”, - a form of social organization based on hierarchical gender relationships, models different dimensions of a person based on complex interactions among factors (Buquet Corleto, 2015), and is key to understanding the motivation for migrating of some individuals. Gender inequalities have played a fundamental role in the long process through which the mobility regime is constituted, as it is both the cause and consequence of the migration process for many women, girls and boys, and members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) community who cross various borders to reach Europe. In many cases, the reason why women and girls migrate is gender-related difficulties experienced in their countries of origin, such as gender-based violence (GBV), forced marriage or female genital mutilation. Along migration routes, women, minors, and people belonging to the LGBTI community are especially vulnerable to sexual violence (SV) by intermediaries and fellow migrants (Médicos sin Fronteras, 2019). A recent study (Agrela et al., 2019) found evidence that proximity violence along the various migratory routes is more likely to be directed toward the above-mentioned groups. In addition, the arrival of migrants through the emerging routes can increase or exacerbate episodes of violence. Even after arriving in the host country, the violence continues for some female migrants. The GBV data for Spain revealed that of the total number of women killed between 2003 and 2017, 32% were foreigners (n = 294). Thus, 30 women are killed for every million foreign women in the country, compared to 5 for every million Spanish women. In recent years, around 30% of migrant women have been victims of GBV, according to official data from the Ministry of the Interior, but the VioGen (2019) computer system, to which all security forces have access, provides a different statistic. This system records "cases of gender violence”; by the end of 2017, 429,220 cases of gender violence, both active and inactive at that time, were registered on the system. Of these cases, 65% and 35% involved Spanish (n = 279,882) and foreign women (n = 149,338), respectively, with the latter percentage being higher than that indicated by previous statistics. Of the total number of cases collected up to December 2017, only 12.7% remained active as of that date (n = 54,793), with 72.5% corresponding to Spanish women and 27.5% to foreign women. Between 2011 and 2017, 10,448 applications for temporary residence and work permits were registered due to GBV (Ministry of Equality, 2018). The increase in the number of immigrant women reporting their partner may be a positive indicator regarding these women's access to police resources. However, there is no information of whether their complaints were ultimately withdrawn. During 2017, 158,217 complaints of SV were registered. Among the victims, 69.01% were Spanish (n = 110,107) and 30.9% were foreign (n = 48,110). During 2017, the entities that provide services or care to women who are potential victims of trafficking and smuggling contacted 60,428 people in different locations (clubs, apartments, streets, etc.). Among the people contacted, signs of sexual exploitation were detected in 16,478 cases and signs of trafficking for sexual