THE PRESS BEHAVING BADLY: FIRST AMENDMENT FREEDOMS FOR NEWS MEDIA AND LIMITATIONS ON LAWFUL NEWSGATHERING By JASMINE MCNEALY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2008 1 © 2008 Jasmine McNealy 2 To Ronald & Pamela, “. parents are the pride of their children.” Proverbs 17:6 (NIV) 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Laurence Alexander, who served as my supervisory committee. I am grateful to him for accepting me as his advisee and for toiling with me to complete this project, and my doctorate. His assistance facilitated my study greatly. In addition to Dr. Alexander, I would like to thank the rest of my committee: Dean Jon Mills, Dr. Cory Armstrong, and Dr. Bill Chamberlin. Their efforts and suggestions were greatly appreciated. I am grateful for the love and support of a host of family, friends, and friends who became family. Their support, generosity, and willingness to listen have been a great help as while I worked to complete this program. este cuento se acabado. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS0 ...............................................................................................................4 ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION11 ....................................................................................................................9 Background.............................................................................................................................139 Literature1 Review ...................................................................................................................24 Newsgathering3 and the First Amendment .......................................................................25 Unlawfully3 Acquired Information...................................................................................31 Judicial3 Analysis and the Freedom of the Press ..............................................................40 Absolutism7 ...............................................................................................................40 Bad7 tendency and “clear and present danger”..........................................................42 Balancing..................................................................................................................447 Statement1 of Purpose and Research Questions.......................................................................45 Methodology...........................................................................................................................461 Chapter1 Outline.......................................................................................................................48 222 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE..........................................................................................50 Or1 of the Press ........................................................................................................................55 Access1 to Information.............................................................................................................65 Newsgathering1 and the Law ...................................................................................................71 Conclusion1 ..............................................................................................................................74 333 WIRETAPPING AND EAVESDROPPING..........................................................................75 1Wiretap at the Federal Level...................................................................................................76 The3 Press as Third Party Recipient of Intercepted Communications..............................77 Press3 Participation In The Interception ...........................................................................94 Not7 a party to the communication ............................................................................95 Bad7 purpose..............................................................................................................99 1Wiretap at the State Level.....................................................................................................111 California.......................................................................................................................1113 Florida............................................................................................................................1203 Illinois............................................................................................................................1223 Louisiana3 .......................................................................................................................125 Maryland.......................................................................................................................4 .128 Massachusetts................................................................................................................1304 Michigan........................................................................................................................1344 Minnesota4 ......................................................................................................................136 New4 Jersey.....................................................................................................................138 5 Oregon4 ...........................................................................................................................139 Pennsylvania..................................................................................................................1404 Texas..............................................................................................................................1444 4Washington....................................................................................................................145 Conclusion2 ............................................................................................................................146 4 INTRUSION AND TRESPASS...........................................................................................149 Intrusion................................................................................................................................1502 Home4 .............................................................................................................................151 5 Private Gatherings ........................................................................................................157 5Work..............................................................................................................................164 Public5 Persons ...............................................................................................................173 Harassment5 ....................................................................................................................178 In5 Public.........................................................................................................................184 Trespass2 ................................................................................................................................189 Consent..........................................................................................................................1915 Trespass5 and the First Amendment ...............................................................................201 Criminal5 Trespass..........................................................................................................207 Joint2 Activities With Government Officials.........................................................................222 Law5 Enforcement ..........................................................................................................229 7Warrant searches ....................................................................................................229 7Warrantless investigations......................................................................................246 Other5 First Responders..................................................................................................250 Other6 Joint Activities With Government Officials........................................................256 Conclusion2 ............................................................................................................................259 555 MISREPRESENTATION AND BREACH OF PROMISE.................................................262 On2 Fraud and Misrepresentation and Similar Offenses........................................................264 Cohen2 v. Cowles Media Co..................................................................................................269 Misrepresentation2 and Breach of Promise Post-Cohen ........................................................277 Breach6 of Promise .........................................................................................................277 Misrepresentation6 ..........................................................................................................296 Conclusion2 ............................................................................................................................308