Mycosphere Towards incorporating anamorphic fungi in a natural classification – checklist and notes for 2010 Hyde KD1,2*, McKenzie EHC3 and KoKo TW1 1School of Mae Fah Luang University, 333 M. 1. T. Tasud Muang District, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand. 2Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 3Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand. Hyde KD, McKenzie EHC, KoKo TW. (2011). Towards incorporating anamorphic fungi in a natural classification – checklist and notes for 2010. Mycosphere 2(1), 1–88. A complilation of anamorphic names for both Ascomycota and Basidiomycota is provided which compises 2873 genera. The genera are listed against a backbone of teleomorphic relationships where known. The study reveals that 699 genera and 94 anamorph-like genera are linked to teleomorphic genera names, 447 genera (one anamorph-like genus) are linked to teleomorph families, orders or classes, while for more than 1728 (60.15%) genera no teleomorph link is known. Key words –Asexual fungi – life cycle – sexual fungi – taxonomy Article Information Received 4 February 2011 Accepted 7 February 2011 Published online 10 March 2011 *Corresponding author: Hyde KD – e-mail – [email protected] Introduction et al. 2010), these genera will be classified in The purpose of the present paper is to families, orders and classes of Ascomycota and collate the knowledge of anamorphic fungi in Basidiomycota. This will result in more and relationship to their teleomorphic states. It more anamorphic states being described and attempts to classify the anamorphic genera in a illustrated without being given formal names natural biological framework for the Ascomy- and therefore it is important to have a forum cota based on the Outline of Ascomycota 2009 where anamorphic data can be brought to the (Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2010) and for the attention of researchers. It is hoped that this Basidiomycota based on Kirk et al. (2008). The compilation will facilitate the move towards present paper has used data from the Dic- one fungus one name as advocated by many tionary of the Fungi (Kirk et al. 2008), Index mycologists (Shenoy et al. 2007, 2010). By Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org/na placing all anamorphic genera against the mes/Names.asp), Species Fungorum (http:// backbone classification of the sexual genera it www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp) will be possible to establish 1) what are the and Index of Fungi (Anon. 2009–2010) as well anamorphs of various species, genera, families as literature published in 2009 and 2010. or orders, 2) which genera have no information, There is now debate in the systematics 3) which are the older or more commonly used community to place one name on a fungus names for each genus, and 4) illustrate the species as opposed to the present system redundancy of the dual classification system. (especially in Ascomycota) of naming both This compilation also provides a single sexual and asexual morphs (Samuels et al. place where anamorph connections can be 2009). Also, as more and more strains of accessed and critically scrutinized so that a anamorphic genera are sequenced (eg. Shenoy stable and reliable system can be developed 1 based on published data. We do not claim that anamorphic genus. Such records can be located this compilation is complete or definitive; how- by searching the genus throughout the list for ever, it provides a forum for displaying data repeat entries. The synonyms of genera are not and can be added to or changed as more data listed as they can be easily found in Index becomes available or errors are discovered. In Fungorum. future issues we will explore various connec- We encourage colleagues to inform us of tions and provide more data. any missing entries, new data or misunder- In the long term it will be desirable if standings, which will be updated in future Myconet (http://www.fieldmuseum.org/myco compilations. We would also invite experts of net) is merged with this document, however, specific groups to contribute to future compi- this should occur at some time in the future, lations on their specific group(s) of interest and when more data is available. encourage reviews or illustrated accounts of families, orders or other groups relating to Material and methods teleomorph and anamorph links. Reviews of The overall scheme for the classification anamorphic genera with sections or series, such of the anamorphic fungi follows the Outline of as Aspergillus, Penicillium and Verticillium, Ascomycota 2009 (Lumbsch & Huhndorf the powdery mildews, many of the yeasts and 2010), with additional data on anamorphic yeast-like genera and the anamorphic smuts Basidiomycota from Kirk et al. (2008). This and rusts are particularly needed. Similarly the scheme is chosen as the schemes in the lichenized ascomycete anamorphic states are Dictionary of the Fungi, Index Fungorum, and poorly documented. MycoBank differ to a greater or lesser extent As there is a move towards using one and it was felt wise to follow what the authors name for both the sexual and asexual states of a consider is an admirable attempt to keep fungus we also encourage authors to submit abreast of the current literarure as is routinely articles or opinions concerning the use of one carried out in the Outline of Ascomycota. This name. This might be in the form of a general compilation also annotates changes made in the critic, arguments for or against using one name, form of notes on anamorphic fungi (marked or an article that specifically addresses an with an asterisk after the entry, with notes in individual group or genus with arguments for the later “Notes” section) so that changes can adopting the anamorph, teleomorph or both easily be followed; this is not always true of names. the available databases. Anamorphic genera or ‘-like’ genera are Index to Ascomycota listed in bold under the appropriate fungal classification and the link to a teleomorph Phylum ASCOMYCOTA Caval-Sm. genus given where found. Dubious genera are Subphylum TAPHRINOMYCOTINA O.E. excluded but can be added if they are later Erikss. & Winka found to be good genera. Fossil fungi are also Class Taphrinomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka excluded as it would be impossible with Taphrinales Gäum. & C.W. Dodge present techniques available to provide a na- Protomycetaceae Gray tural classification for them. A question mark Saitoella Goto, Sugiy., Hamam. & Komag. before the entry means that its placement in 1987 that family or order is not fully established and generally follows Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010). Taphrinaceae Gäum. A question mark before anamorph means it is Lalaria R.T. Moore 1990, anamorphic not clear that this is the anamorph of this genus, Taphrina Fr. 1815 although there are many cases without a ques- tion mark where the link has not equivocally Subphylum SACHAROMYCOTINA O.E. been proven. An asterisk (*) following the Erikss. & Winka names indicates an entry in the “Notes” section. In many genus records in Index Fungo- Class Saccharomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka rum the species is linked to more than one Saccharomycetales Kudrjanzev 2 Mycosphere Dipodascaceae Engl. & E. Gilg Trichomonascaceae Kurtzman & Robnett ?Candida Berkhout 1923, anamorphic Blastobotrys Klopotek 1967, anamorphic Sporopachydermia Rodr. Mir. 1978 Trichomonascus H.S. Jacks. 1948 Galactomyces Redhead & Malloch 1977, Candida Berkhout 1923, ?anamorphic anamorphic Dipodascus Lagerh. 1892 Zygoascus M.T. Sm. 1986 Geotrichum Link 1809, anamorphic Dipo- dascus Lagerh. 1892 Saccharomycetales, genera incertae sedis Geotrichum-like, anamorphic Basidioas- Aciculoconidium D.S. King & S.C. Jong cus Matsush. 2003 1976 Saprochaete Coker & Shanor 1939, ana- Botryozyma Shann & M.T. Sm. 1992, morphic Magnusiomyces Zender 1926 anamorphic Ascobotryozyma J. Kerri- gan, M.T. Sm. & J.D. Rogers 2001 Endomycetaceae J. Schröt. Candida Berkhout 1923, anamorphic Fusidium Link 1809, possibly anamorphic Starmerella C.A. Rosa & Lachance Ascocephalophora K. Matsush. & 1998 Matsush. 1995 Cicadomyces Šulc 1911 Macrorhabdus Tomasz., Logan, Snowden, Lipomycetaceae E.K. Novák & Zsolt Kurtzman & Phalen 2003 Myxozyma Van der Walt, Weijman & Arx Oosporidium Stautz 1931 1981 Pseudomycoderma H. Will 1916 Schizoblastosporion Cif. 1930 Metschnikowiaceae T. Kamienski Trigonopsis Schachner 1929 Candida Berkhout 1923, anamorphic Saccharomycetes, genera incertae sedis Clavispora Rodr. Mir. 1979 and Selenotila Lagerh. 1892 Metschnikowia T. Kamienski 1899 Selenozyma Yarrow 1977 Pichiaceae Zender Subphylum PEZIZOMYCOTINA O.E. Erikss. Brettanomyces N.H. Claussen ex Custers & Winka 1940, anamorphic Dekkera Van der Class Arthoniomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka Walt 1964 Arthoniales Henssen ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Eeniella M.T. Sm., Bat. Vegte & Scheffers Erikss. 1981, anamorphic Dekkera Van der Arthoniaceae Reichenb. ex Reichenb. Walt Helicobolomyces Matzer 1995, anamor- Enantiothamnus Pinoy 1911 phic Arthonia Ach. 1806 Hyphopichia Arx & Van der Walt 1976 Septocyta Petr. 1927, ?anamorphic Artho- nia Ach. 1806 Saccharomycetaceae G. Winter Subhysteropycnis Wedin & Hafellner 1998, Candida Berkhout 1923, ?anamorphic anamorphic Arthonia Ach. 1806 Ogataea Y. Yamada, K. Maeda & Mikata 1994, Lodderomyces Van der Roccellaceae Chevall. Walt 1966 and Spathaspora N.H. Sporhaplus H.B.P. Upadhyay 1964, ana- Nguyen, S.O. Suh & M. Blackw. 2006 morphic Mazosia A. Massal 1854 Saccharomycodaceae Kudrjanzev Class Dothideomycetes sensu O.E. Erikss. & Candida Berkhout 1923, anamorphic Winka Lodderomyces