HYDROCARBON ACTIVITY ON GHANA'S CONTINENTAL SHELF: REQUIREMENTS UNDER INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW By SOLOMON FAAKYE JUR-3910 Master’s Thesis Master of Laws(LLM),Law of the Sea University of Tromsø Faculty of Law Fall 2012 15.663 words I Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................ 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 4 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 1. CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 7 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1 Environmental Impacts ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Objectives of the Study ..................................................................................................................... 10 1.3 Delimitations ..................................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Methods and Materials ..................................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Disposition of the Study ................................................................................................................... 13 2.0 CHAPTER TWO - LEGAL CONTEXT OF THE STUDY ................................................................................. 14 2.1 Jurisdictional Basis for Hydrocarbon Activity in Ghana .................................................................... 14 2.2 Relationship between Ghana Law and International Law ................................................................ 15 2.3 Overview of International Environmental Laws Applicable to Ghana's Hydrocarbon Industry ....... 16 2.31 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) ......................................................... 16 2.32 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships and Its Protocol (MARPOL 73/78) .................................................................................................................................................. 17 2.33 International Convention on Oil Preparedness and Response (OPRC) ....................................... 19 2.34 Regional Instrument - ................................................................................................................. 19 2.4 National Laws .................................................................................................................................... 21 2.41 The Environmental Protection Agency Act ................................................................................. 22 2.42 Environmental Assessment Regulations ..................................................................................... 22 2.43 The Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Law ...................................................................... 24 2.44 Marine Pollution Bill .................................................................................................................... 26 2.45 Draft Marine Pollution Prevention And Control Regulations ..................................................... 26 2.5 Overview of Chapter Two ................................................................................................................. 27 3.0 CHAPTER THREE - IMPLICATIONS OF IEL INSTRUMENTS FOR HYDROCARBON ACTIVITY ON GHANA’S CONTINENTAL SHELF .................................................................................................................................. 28 2 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 28 3.2 General Duty to Protect the Marine Environment ........................................................................... 28 3.3 Duty to Cooperate............................................................................................................................. 29 3.4 Duty to Conduct Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring ............................................. 31 3.5 Duty to Prevent and Control Transboundary Pollution .................................................................... 32 3.6 Duty to Adopt Laws and Take Measures .......................................................................................... 32 3.7 Marine Pollution Requirements ........................................................................................................ 33 3.8 Emergency Preparedness and Response .......................................................................................... 34 3.9 Regional Requirements ..................................................................................................................... 35 3.10 Overview of Chapter Three ............................................................................................................. 36 4.0 CHAPTER FOUR - EVALUATION OF GHANAS RESPONSES TO REQUIREMENTS UNDER INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ............................................................................................................................... 37 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 37 4.2 General Duty to Protect the Marine Environment ........................................................................... 37 4.3 Duty to Cooperate............................................................................................................................. 39 4.4 Duty to Conduct Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) ............................................................... 40 4.5 Duty to Prevent Transboundary Pollution ........................................................................................ 42 4.6 Duty to Adopt Laws ........................................................................................................................... 43 4.7 Marine Pollution Requirements ........................................................................................................ 44 4.8 Emergency Preparedness and Response .......................................................................................... 45 4.9 Regional Requirements ..................................................................................................................... 46 4.10 Overview of Chapter Four ............................................................................................................... 46 5.0 CHAPTER 5 - RECCOMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................... 47 5.1 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 47 5.2 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 49 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 50 LIST OF FIGURES FIG 1 Project Location..........................................................................................7 FIG 2 FPSO Operations.........................................................................................9 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ECOWAS.......................................................... Economic Community of West African States EHS......................................................... Environmental Health and Safety EPA.......................................................... Environmental Protection Agency GNPC......................................................... Ghana National Petroleum Company FPSO.......................................................... Floating Production Storage Object UNEP.......................................................... United Nations Environmental Programme ICJ .......................................................... International Court of Justice UNCLOS.................................................... United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UN........................................................... United Nations EEZ ........................................................ Exclusive Economic Zone ACHPR........................................................ African Charter for Human and Peoples Right IEL......................................................... International Environmental Law MARPOL........................................................ International Convention on Marine Pollution IMO ........................................................ International Maritime Organization OPRC..................................................... International Convention on Oil Preparedness Response and Cooperation AC...................................................... Abidjan Convention EPA...................................................... Environmental
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