OLBA XXVII, 2019, 97-114 Makale Geliş | Received : 15.11.2018 ISSN 1301-7667 Makale Kabul | Accepted : 30.12.2018 KIZZUWATNEAN RITUALS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE LUWIAN AND HURRIAN CULTURES Fatma KAYNAR* ÖZ Luwi ve Hurri Kültürü Etkisinde Kizzuwatna Ritüelleri Hitit majik ritüelleri içinde Kizzuwatna kökenli ritüeller önemli bir yer teşkil etme- ktedir. Söz konusu ritüeller Orta Hitit döneminden itibaren Hitit arşivlerinde görülme- ktedir. Kizzuwatna Bölgesi coğrafi konumu nedeniyle, bir geçiş bölgesidir ve çok kül- türlüdür. Bu çok kültürlülük Hitit majik ritüellerinde de kendini göstermektedir. Bölge Hurrili ve Luwili toplumlardan oluşmaktadır. Çalışmamızda ele alınan Kizzuwatna Bölgesi’ne ait iki ritüelden biri Hurri diğeri Luwi kökenli ritüellerdir. Bunlardan Šalašu Ritüeli Hurri kökenlidir. Söz konusu ritüelde inkantasyonlar Hurricedir. Elimizde inkantasyonların Hurrice-Hititçe çift dilli olan kopyasında (KBo 19.145) Hurrice pasajları anlamak ve yorumlamak nispeten daha kolaydır. Çift dilli olmayıp sadece Hurrice inkantasyonlar içeren pasajları anlamak ise oldukça zordur (KBo 11.19 gibi). Söz konusu ritüelde Mezopotamya bölgesine ait kültür ögeleri de bulunmaktadır ve bu unsur da bölgenin çok kültürlülüğünü göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Bir diğer ritüel, Kuwatalla Ritüeli (šalli aniur), Luwi kökenli bir ritüeldir. İçerdiği bazı kültürel ögelerden dolayı Kizzuwatna Bölgesi’ne ait bir ritüel olduğu düşünülmektedir. Ritüelin talimat kısımları Hititçe, inkantasyonlar Luwice olarak yazılmıştır. Ritüel iki ayrı alt ritüel içermektedir (hit. katta walḫuwaš/luw. dupaduparša ve ḫalliyattanza). Makalenin sonunda, aynı bölgeye fakat iki farklı kültür alanına ait bu iki ritüelde uygulanan baskın ritüel eylemlerin, genel bir karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Hitit, Ritüel, Hurri, Luwi, Šalašu, Kuwatalla ABSTRACT Kizzuwatnean rituals occupy an important place among the Hittite magical ritu- als. These rituals are encountered in Hittite archives since the Middle Hittite period. Kizzuwatna is a transitional and a culturally diverse region because of its geographical location. This cultural diversity reveals itself in Hittite magical rituals. The region is home to Hurrian and Luwian communities. The two Kizzuwatnean rituals presented in * Dr. Fatma KAYNAR, Research Assistant, Department of Ancient Languages and Cultures, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University, Chair of Hittitology, TR-34134 Istanbul/TURKEY. E-posta: [email protected]. Orcid No: 0000-0003-4562-408X 98 Fatma Kaynar this study are Hurrian and Luwian rituals. The first of these rituals, the Šalašu Ritual is Hurrian, meaning that the incantations recited in the ritual are in Hurrian language. Some of the Hurrian passages are relatively easy to understand due to the existence of a Hurrian-Hittite bilingual copy of the incantations (KBo 19.145). The remaining incan- tations exist in monolingual Hurrian copies (e.g. KBo 11.19) and are much more diffi- cult to interpret. The Šalašu Ritual also featured cultural elements of the Mesopotamian region, demonstrating the cultural diversity of the Kizzuwatna region. The second ritual treated in this study, the Kuwatalla Ritual (šalli aniur), is a Luwian ritual, i.e. written in Hittite but with Luwian incantations. The ritual contains two separate sub-rituals (hit. katta walḫuwaš/luw. dupaduparša and ḫalliyattanza). The Kuwatalla ritual may be identified as Kizzuwatnean because of some of the elements it contains. The study concludes with a general comparison of the dominant ritual practices in these two rituals belonging to the same region, but to two distinct cultural traditions. Keywords: Hittite, Ritual, Hurrian, Luwian, Šalašu, Kuwatalla. Kizzuwatnean rituals1 are prevalent Hittite magical rituals2. These rituals begin to appear in the Hittite archives starting from the Middle Hittite Period. The rituals are named after the land of Kizzuwatna, a region corresponding roughly to the modern Çukurova region of Turkey, which was culturally diverse because it is geographically at the junction of Anatolia and Syria3. The region is generally considered to have been inhabited by Hurrian and Luwian populations during the Late Bronze Age4. The Hurrians are first identified in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC, when this community started to coalesce as a culture in Northern Syria (fig. 1). The Hurrians had their own pantheons modeled on the Akkadian examples, and a considerable level of syncretism is revealed in texts from their culture found in the Hittite and Ugaritic arc- hives5. The Luwians were an Indo-European people living in Kizzuwatna and Western Anatolia. Geographically, the location of Kizzuwatna between Anatolia and Northern 1 This paper is based on the doctoral dissertation entitled “I rituali magici ittiti: struttura, classificazione e il ruolo di Kizzuwatna”, which has been written under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Stefano de Martino at the University of Turin. I am grateful to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Meltem Doğan-Alparslan and Fabio Bastici who read the draft paper and contributed this paper with their suggestions and comments. I would like to thank also Dr. James Burgin for correcting the English of this article and for his valuable suggestions. 2 Recent studies focusing on the different aspects of the Kizzuwatnean Region rituals include: J. Miller 2004 Studies in the Origins, Development and Interpretation of the Kizzuwatna Rituals (StBoT 46), Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz. R. Strauß 2005 “Elemente kizzuwatnäischer Ritualkunde in hethitischen Texten”, Motivation und Mechanismen des Kulturkontaktes in der Späten Bronzezeit (Eothen 13): 227-246.; R. Strauß 2006 Reinigungsrituale aus Kizzuwatna, Berlin, New York; A. Mouton 2008 Les Rituels de Naissance Kiz- zuwatniens. Un Exemple de Rite de Passage en Anatolie Hittite, Paris. 3 For more information on the location and borders of the Kizzuwatnean Region, see Pelvanoğlu 2017. 4 Desideri – Jasink 1990, 7. 5 Archi 2002, 21 ff. Kizzuwatnean Rituals Under The Influence of the Luwian and Hurrian... 99 Syria and Upper Mesopotamia encouraged cultural mixing6, and this tendency was furthered by the region’s turbulent political history7. It is therefore no surprise that various and distinct cultural elements can be seen together in Kizzuwatnean rituals8. The Šalašu Ritual of the Hurrians and the Kuwatalla Ritual of the Luwians, both found in the Hittite archive at Hattuša, are to this end a case in point in demonstrating distinct cultural elements of the Kizzuwatnean Region. The Šalašu Ritual The Šalašu ritual is a Hurrian ritual that has been found in different copies and fragments scattered among various structures in Hattuša9. It was authored by the eponymous ritual practitioner, the MUNUSŠU.GI10 Šalašu, who introduces herself as a Kizzuwatnean in the colophon of the text. The aim of the ritual was to remove sorcery. The best preserved colophon is found in KBo 19.145, where it is disclosed that the ritual consisted of a minimum of eight tablets. Based on the available text, the general structure of the ritual can be formed as follows: 6 Bryce 2009, 392 7 Because no written documents were unearthed from any settlement in the Kizzuwatnean Region, our knowledge about the Kizzuwatna Country is limited to the documents found in the archives of other lands. There are written documents showing the Hittite-Kizzuwatna relations starting from the Old Hittite Period, including treaties between various Hittite and Kizzuwatnean kings (for these treaty docu- ments, see Devecchi 2015). In the light of the information from these documents and the inscription of Idrimi, King of Alalah, it can be seen that Kizzuwatna changed hands between the Hittites and the Hurrian dominated kingdom of Mittani (Beal 1986, 445). Kizzuwatna finally became a vassal of the Hittites following the treaty signed between Tuthaliya I, the king of the Hittites, and Šunaššura, the king of Kizzuwatna (CTH 41; Strauß 2006, 227), and no documents were found showing the independence of Kizzuwatna after this date, leaving the country for all intents and purposes as a part of the Hittite Empire (Strauß 2006, 228). Starting from this period, religious elements and ritual texts belonging to the Kizzuwatnean Region were transferred to Hattuša. It is widely considered that the wife of Tuthaliya I, a queen with the Hurrian name Nikkal-madi, but who is assumed to come from Kizzuwatna, was instrumental to the spread of Kizzuwatnean culture to Hattuša (de Martino 2016, 40; Campbell 2016, 297). 8 A comprehensive study was conducted by J. Miller about the origin of Kizzuwatnean Rituals, the ritu- als classified under this group and their transfer to Hattuša. Based on this study in order to be able to describe a ritual as a Kizzuwatnean Ritual in its broadest sense, the ritual has to bear Hittite-Luwian and Hurrian and/or Northern Syrian and Mesopotamian elements. For more information, see Miller 2004, 441-530. 9 1. A. KBo 19.145, B. KUB 34.101, C. Kelly A, 2. A. KBo 11.19 + KBo 14.22, B. KUB 12.47, 3. KBo 19.141, 4. KBo 3.48, 5. KUB 32.121, 6. KBo 27.176, KBo 27.185, KBo 33.45, KBo 35.99, Unplaced fragment KUB 47.19. 10 This term is translated as “Old Woman” and has a significant place in Hittite magic rituals. For more information, see Marcuson 2016. 100 Fatma Kaynar 1. An incantation is recited by the ritual patron about the nightmare she/he had. 2. An incantation is recited by the ritual patron in Ištar’s garden. KUB 32.12111 3. A mythological incantation is recited, in which the Sun-God plays a central role. 4. The Old Woman moves the ḫupuwai12-vessel around the ritual patron’s head and sings analogical incantations, KBo 19.145 5. then she breaks the ḫupuwai-vessel. 6. She puts a lace on the right foot of the ritual patron and kneads barley dough while adding some plants. She presses the KBo 11.19, barley dough onto the ritual patron’s body. She then recites KBo 19.145 incantations in Hurrian. 7. “Copper ladders13” are mentioned in a very fragmentary context. 8. An incantation is sung to keep negative emotions, including black magic spells, blood, impurities, oaths (false oaths), KBo 19.145 and curses, away from the ritual patron.