Rings in the Solar System: a short review Sébastien CHARNOZ1, Aurélien CRIDA2,3, Ryuki HYODO4 (1) Université Paris Diderot / Institut de Physique du Globe, Paris FRANCE (2) Université Côte d'Azur / Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Lagrange, Nice, FRANCE (3) Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, FRANCE (4) Earth-Life Science Institute/Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Tokyo, Japan Abstract: Rings are ubiquitous around giant planets in our Solar System. They evolve jointly with the nearby satellite system. They could form either during the giant planet formation process or much later, as a result of large scale dynamical instabilities either in the local satellite system, or at the planetary scale. We review here the main characteristics of rings in our solar system, and discuss their main evolution processes and possible origin. We also discuss the recent discovery of rings around small bodies. All giant planets of the Solar System have rings. The brightest and most massive, those of Saturn, have been discovered by Galileo Galilei himself (whereas he did not interpreted them as rings, the first one to interpret them correctly was the dutch astronomer Christian Huygens), but it is really with the space missions Voyager 1 and 2, during the 70’s and 80’s that it was realized that all four giant planets harbor rings. Conversely, rings seem absent around terrestrial planets, despite many attempts to find dusty rings (especially around Mars). Rings are still some very mysterious structures that are ubiquitous to all giant planets, either gas or ice giants. However, the 4 rings systems that we know are all very different, and within a ring system, rings could be either dense and made of large particles (like Saturn and Uranus rings) or dusty (like Jupiter or Saturn’s E or G rings). See Figure 1 for a comparative sketch of the 4 rings systems found in our Solar System. Unlike a very common thought, rings are not necessarily confined to a planet’s Roche limit (see section 2), and dusty rings are found commonly beyond the Roche Limit. The generality and the diversity of rings systems make their origin difficult to understand. They could form either concomitant with their host planets (inside the circumplanetary disk), or they could be the result of late dynamical evolution either of their satellite systems (through collisions), or results from comet showers due to large scale instabilities of the planetary system. Thanks to the Cassini and Galileo missions, Saturn and Jupiter rings were investigated in great details (see e.g. Cuzzi et al., 2010 for a review of Saturn’s rings as seen by Cassini). Today, due to the increased detection capacities, Uranus and Neptune rings are better understood thanks to observations from Earth (see e.g. Showalter et al., 2008). Rings are rapidly evolving structures under the action of gravity, viscosity and radiative forces. We understand now that there is a close association between rings and satellites, through dynamical interactions (moons sculpt rings) or material exchange (rings can give birth to moons, see e.g. Charnoz et al., 2011; Crida & Charnoz 2012). As they represent a huge surface to volume ratio, rings are also very efficient to capture meteoritic bombardment, that, over long timescales, may modify their average composition. We have no clear idea of the ring’s age. They could be as old as the Solar System itself (like in the formation scenario proposed by Canup 2010 invoking a migrating satellite that is tidally dirupted), or as young as a few 100 Myrs according to different theories (like in Ćuk et al., 2016). But no model is consistent with all data, and the planetary rings origin is still heavily debated. Finally, unexpectedly, rings were found recently about small bodies, like centaurs, making a general theory of their formation even more difficult to build. In this chapter, we will briefly review our current knowledge about rings in our Solar System, emphasizing their diversity, as well as the key fundamental processes that govern their evolution. We also discuss the recent rings detection about small bodies. 1.Overview of Solar System rings systems Main rings systems are those that are found inside the planet’s Roche Limit (see section 2), i.e. typically inside ~2.5 planetary radii. Of course, the definition of the Roche Limit depends on the ring material density, that could be diverse and changing, and that is often not very well constrained. However, the Roche Limit only scales with the density to the exponent 1/3, so it does not vary greatly from one system to another and is found in general around 2-3 planetary radii. Outside the Roche Limit, dusty rings systems are also found, but they need to be replenished because the material is removed by the Poynting-Robertson force. In addition, the collisional timescale of dusty rings system is so long, that they are never flat and are in general vertically extended either due to radiative forces, or simply by keeping the memory of the orbit of the moon that is the dust source . We now briefly present the main characteristics of the rings systems around the 4 giant planets. Figure 1: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune rings and inner moons scaled by the planet radius. The shaded regions designate the dusty rings. 1.1 Jupiter rings Jupiter rings are extremely tenuous and are mostly dusty (Figure 2). They are closely associated to the four small moons, Methis, Adrastea, Amalthea and Thebe that release dust from their orbit. This dust adopts a 3d structure with finite thickness due to the randomization of their longitude of nodes and pericenters. The two outermost rings (the “Amalthea” and the “Thebe” gossamer rings), extend up to about 2.5 and 3.15 jovian radii respectively and have an optical depth about 10-7 and 10-8. They are vertically extended (unlike Saturn’s main rings) with thickness about 2300 and 8400 km respectively, that reflects the inclination of the two parent moons. The volume density of these two rings is not maximum in the midplane, but rather at the top and the bottom, because of the simple geometric effect : a particle on an inclined orbit (like all dust grains in these rings) spend more time at the top and bottom of its orbit because the vertical velocity is there zero. This creates a “sandwich”-like structure whose origin is purely kinematic. Closer to the planet the main rings, bounded by Adrastea is much flatter, about 30 km and is composed mainly of big particles as testified by a weak transmission in forward scattered light. A vertical extension appears, up a to a few 100 km, that may be composed of micrometer sized dust. Then comes, the innermost ring, called the “halo” that is very puffed up (up to a few 10,000 km) and is dusty. The vertical extension of the halo is maybe due to the coupling of the charged dusty grains with the magnetic field of Jupiter, that excites the particles inclinations (Hamilton et al., 2008). dust circulates efficiently in this ring system due to the Poynting-Robertson force (see section 2), forcing the dust grains to spiral toward the central planet. Particle sizes in Jupiter’s rings system show a steep size distribution, and are typically in the range 0.1-30µm. Only the main ring seems to contain a significant population of cm sized particles. The structure of the Jovian rings is currently the best understood the four rings systems. It shows well that big particles, that are not subject to radiative forces, and lose energy through collisions gather in a thin sheet (the main rings) whereas dusty particles, subject to radiative forces and that are in a low collisional environment (owing to the lower optical depth in the dusty rings) in general do not flatten into a thin rings system, but keep a torus like structure in 3D. For a detailed review of Jupiter rings and physics, we recommend the Burns et al. (1984) review paper. Figure 2 : Jupiter ring’s structure. Rj=Jupiter’ radius 1.2 Saturn’s rings They are the most famous, the richest and the most massive ring system of the four giant planets. Very broadly speaking, they are composed of a dense and vertically thin ring system inside the Saturn’s Roche limit (about 2.5 Saturn’s radii), as well as several of dusty rings, sometimes associated with satellites, beyond the Roche limit. Hundreds of dynamical structures have been identified in Saturn’s main ring system, with a number of them clearly associated to ring-moons gravitational interactions, but the origin of numerous structures is not clearly associated to moons. The study of Saturn’s rings is a very dynamical subject, fueled by the Cassini mission, and several review papers can be found in the “Saturn from Cassini- Huygens” book (2009, M. dougherty, L.Esposito, S. Krimigis Eds. Springer) and the forthcoming “Planetary Rings” book (C.d. Murray, M. Tiscareno Eds, Univ. of Arizona Press), that should be edited in 2018. For a review of the most surprising structures we recommend the Cuzzi et al. (2010) paper or the (excellent) Tiscareno (2013) review paper about rings in the Solar System. The main rings systems consist in 4 -regions with different optical depth and different types of structures (Figure 3). By increasing order of distance to Saturn, we find first the d and C rings, deeply embedded in Saturn’s Roche limit, that consists of ringlets and plateaus of material with varying optical depth about 10-4 and 10-3 respectively, then comes the B ring, the densest ring and probably the one that contains most of Saturn’s rings mass, with optical depth much higher than 1.