2013 Croatian Report onISSN Drugs 1848 Situation-6762 13 20 1 2013 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation CROATIAN NATIONAL DRUGS INFORMATION UNIT 2013 NATIONAL REPORT (2012 data) TO THE EMCDDA by the Office for Combating Drugs Abuse of the Government of the Republic of Croatia CROATIA New Development, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues Zagreb, October 2013 Drawn up on behalf of the Office for Combating Drugs Abuse of the Government of the Republic of Croatia and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) 2 2013 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation Published by Government of the Republic of Croatia Office for Combating Drug Abuse Preobraženska 4/II 10 000 Zagreb Tel.: 01 48 78 122 Fax: 01 48 78 120 E-mail: [email protected] Web page: www.uredzadroge.hr For publisher mr. Željko Petković, univ. spec. crim. Edited by Josipa-Lovorka Andreić, MA in Crime Science Report prepared by: Lidija Vugrinec, MA in Crime Science Dijana Jerković, MA in Social Pedagogy Martina Markelić, MA in Sociology Marko Markus, MA in Sociology Jadranka Ivandić Zimić, PhD Sanja Mikulić, LLM Nataša Vukičević, Senior occupational therapist Josipa-Lovorka Andreić, MA in Crime Science mr.crim. Dubravko Klarić Smilja Bagarić, MA in Political Science Data providers: Croatian Institute for Public Health Ministry of Interior Ministry of Justice Other relevant governmental and non-governmental institutions Translated by: AION d.o.o. Proof-reading Marina Nimac, MA in General Linguistics and Phonetics Graphic design and print Tiskara Zelina d.d. 3 2013 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation Table of Contents Summary………………………………………………………………………………............. 6 Part A: New development and trends 11 1. Drug policy: Legislation, strategies and economic analyses ……...................... 12 1.1. Introduction….……………………………………………………………………………... 12 1.2. Legal framework..……………………………………………………………………....... 12 1.3. National Action Plan, Strategy, evaluation and coordination ……………..……......... 16 1.4. Economic analysis………………………………………………………………………... ..3 0 2. Drug use in general population and specific targeted groups………………......... 44 2.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 44 2.2. Drug use in general population ……………………………………………………......... 44 2.3. Drug use among school population and youth ………………………………............... 49 2.4. Drug use among targeted groups/ settings at national and local level….…..........…. 52 3. Prevention...................……...................……...................……...................……........ 56 3.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 56 3.2. Environmental strategies …………………………………………………………………. 57 3.3. Universal prevention…………….……………………………………………………....... 60 3.4. Selective prevention in at-risk groups and settings ………………..……………........ 65 3.5. Indicated prevention ………………………………………………………………........... 68 3.6. National and local media campaigns …………………………………………….......... 68 4. Problem Drug Use (PDU)…………………………………….…………….......................... 70 4.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 70 4.2. Mortality multiplier…………………………………………………………………………. 70 5. Drug-related treatment: demand and availability ………………........................... 72 5.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………... 72 5.2. General description, availability and treatment quality assurance ………………..… 73 5.3. Access to treatment.…………………………............………………………………...... 82 6. Health correlates and consequences ……………………………………….………… 102 6.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 102 6.2. Drug-related infectious diseases …………………………………………………......... 102 6.3. Drug-related deaths and mortality of drug users……. ………………………….......... 103 4 2013 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation 6.4. Other drug-related correlates and consequences …………………………….......... 109 7. Responses to health correlates and consequences ……………………………… 111 7.1. Introduction..……………………………………………………………………………… 111 7.2. Prevention of drug-related emergencies and reduction of drug-related deaths...... 111 7.3. Prevention and treatment of drug-related infectious diseases with emphasis on 112 treatment of hepatitis C among injecting drug users ……….……………………………… 7.4. Responses to other health consequences among drug users ……..………………... 116 8. Social correlates and social reintegration …………………………………………….. 117 8.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 117 8.2. Social exclusion and drug use…….. ……………………………………………........... 117 8.3. Social reintegration ……………………………………………………………………….. 122 9. Drug-related crime, prevention of drug-related crime and prisons........…………. 133 9.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 133 9.2. Drug-related crime ………………………………………………………………............. 134 9.3. Prevention of drug-related crime ….……………………………………………………. 143 9.4. Interventions in the criminal justice system …………………………………………..... 145 9.5. Drug use and problem drug use in prisons …………………………………………….. 146 9.6. Responses to drug-related health issues in prisons ……………………………….….. 149 9.7. Reintegration of drug addicts after release from prison ……………………………… 155 10. Drug markets..…………………………………………………………………………….. 158 10.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….. 158 10.2. Availability and supply…………………………………………………………............... 159 10.3. Seizures……………………………………………………………………………........... 167 10.4. Price/Purity…..……………………………………………………………………………. 173 PART B: Bibliography and Appendices 18 0 11. Bibliography…………………………………….…………………………………........... 181 11.1. Alphabetical list of bibliographic references ..………………………………………... 181 11.2. Alphabetical list of databases ….………………………………………………………. 183 11.3. Alphabetical list of Internet addresses…………………………………...................... 184 12. Appendices….……………………………………………………………………............ 184 12.1. List of tables used in the text …………………………………................................... 184 12.2. List of figures used in the text …………………………………………………………. 187 12.3. List of pictures used in the text ……………………………………………………..... 188 12.4. List of acts and ordinances…………………………………………………………...... 189 5 2013 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation Summary Based on the reports of competent state administration bodies, public institutions, local and regional self-government units, civil society organisations and other relevant institutions, the Office for Combating Drug Abuse draws up the Annual Report on the Implementation of National Strategy and Action Plan on Combating Drug Abuse in the Republic of Croatia, which are adopted by the Government of the Republic of Croatia and passed by the Croatian Parliament. The concept and structure of the Report have been prepared in accordance with the guidelines of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) for creation of standardised national reports on the drugs situation, since the Office, as the national coordination body for the implementation of the national drug policies, has the obligation to submit the report, translated into the English language, for the purpose of regular reporting on the drugs situation in the Republic of Croatia to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). So far 6 national reports have been submitted to the EMCDDA (2006-2011). PART A: New developments and trends Chapter 1 Drug policy: Legislation, strategies and economic analyses In 2012, significant progress was made in the creation of the penal policy in the area of drugs through the entry into force of the new Criminal Code. It, inter alia, introduced amendments to the criminal offence of drug abuse. In addition, new strategic documents were adopted for the following six-year period, namely the National Strategy on Combating Drug Abuse for the period 2012-2017 and the National Action Plan on Combating Drug Abuse for the period 2012-2014. Individual programmes in different areas of the drug policy were conducted in line with the above documents. This was reported by the competent state administration bodies, local and regional self-government units and civil society organisations. Their reports were included in this year’s report. A significant number of activities were focused on the organisation of different training courses with the aim to raise the knowledge level of entities involved in the programme implementation, on new trends in the area of combating drug abuse. They were aimed at ensuring prevention and treatment programme quality pursuant to the EU standards. In addition, with a view to create and implement an evidence-based drug policy a number of surveys were conducted, among which the Survey on public expenditures and establishment of the system for performance indicators in the area of drug abuse prevention in the Republic of Croatia should be emphasized. The results of the above survey allowed for the first time an overview of the total labelled and unlabelled public expenditures for activities focused on preventing drug abuse and drug addiction, as well as the creation of the methodological basis for their further monitoring. Chapter 2 Drug use in general population and specific targeted groups The results of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) and the Research on Substance Abuse among the General Population of the Republic of Croatia were presented in the 2011 Report on the Implementation of National Strategy and Action Plan on Combating Drug Abuse in the Republic of Croatia. In the 2012 Report emphasis is put on prevalence of legal substances and cannabis, and data on polyuse of drugs, and in the Research on Substance Abuse among the General Population