From Technologies to Market MicroLED Displays: Hype and reality, hopes and challenges Sample Picture: Sony ©2017© 2017 SCOPE OF THE REPORT Large video displays Smartwatches and TV wearables Sony The report LG provides an Apple The report does not Smartphones extensive review Virtual reality cover non-display of µLED display applications of technologies and µLED: AC-LEDs, LiFi, potential Optogenetics, applications as Samsung well as the Oculus Lithography, competitive Laptops and lighting… convertibles landscape and key Augmented/Mixed MicroLED TV prototype (Sony, CES 2012) players. Reality HP Microsoft Tablets Automotive HUD BMW Acer ©2017 | www.yole.fr | MicroLED Displays 2 OBJECTIVE OF THE REPORT Everything You Always Wanted to Know About µLED Displays! • Understand the Current Status of the µLED Display Technologies: • What are they? What are the key benefits? How do they differ from other display technologies? What are the cost drivers? • What are the remaining roadblocks? How challenging are they? • Detailed analysis of key technological nodes: epitaxy, die structure and manufacturing, front plane structure and display designs, Deep color conversion, backplanes, massively parallele pick and place and continuous assembly processes, hybridization, defect understanding management, light extraction and beam shaping. of the • Which applications could µLED display address and when? technology, current status • Detailed analysis of major display applications: TV, smartphones, wearables, augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR/MR), laptops and prospects, and tablets, monitors, large LED video displays... roadblocks • How disruptive for incumbent technologies: LCD, OLED, LCOS… and key • MicroLED display application roadmap, forecast and SWOT analysis players. • Competitive Landscape and Supply chain • Identify key players in technology development and manufacturing.Who owns the IP? • Potential impact on the LED supply chain: epimakers, MOCVD reactor and substrate suppliers. • Potential impact on the display chain: LCD and OLED panel makers. • Scenario for a µLED display supply chain. ©2017 | www.yole.fr | MicroLED Displays 3 REPORT METHODOLOGY Market forecast methodology Market segmentation methodology ©2017 | www.yole.fr | MicroLED Displays 4 REPORT METHODOLOGY Technology analysis methodology Information collection ©2017 | www.yole.fr | MicroLED Displays 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS • Scope Of the Report p8 • What’s Happening In the Short Term? • Objective Of the Report p9 • Introduction p52 • LED Efficiency • Who should Be Interested In this Report? p10 • Display Resolutions • Companies cited in the report p11 • OLED and LCD Display structure Overview • Display Trends • Acronyms p12 • LEDs In displays • Executive Summary p13 • MicroLED Definition and History • What is a MicroLED displays? • MicroLED Displays Technology Evolution • Status • What is a MicroLED displays? • Remaining Roadblocks • MicroLED Display Assembly • MicroLED Attributes vs Application Requirement • MicroLED Chip Manufacturing • SWOT Analysis • Benefits • Major Technology Bricks • Comparisons With LCD and OLED • Assembly Technologies • MicroLED Display Manufacturing Challenges • Display Structure and Backplane • MicroLED Displays Frontplane & Pixel Structures p68 • MicroLED efficiency • Backplane and Pixel Bank Structure • MicroLED Dimensions • MicroLED Display Structure: Monochrome • Epitaxy • MicroLED Display Structure: Color • Chip Manufacturing • Pixel Fill Factor and Added Display Functionalities • Color Conversion • Pixel density and Pixel Pitch • Cost Drivers • Subassembly Microsystems • Defect Management • Tiled Arrays • Major Players • LED Efficiency • Supply chain • Brightness • Possible Winner and Losers. • Pixel Size vs. Efficiency • MicroLED Application Roadmap • MicroLED Driving Regime • 2017-2025 MicroLED Adoption Forecast ©2017 | www.yole.fr | MicroLED Displays 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS • Ultra High Brightness MicroDisplays • Chip Manufacturing and Singulation p115 • MicroLED Large video displays (front End Level 1) • Current confinement Trenches • Chip singulation: • MicroLED efficiency • Bonding and Etching: Apple-Luxvue • MicroLED Dimensions • Anchor and Breakable Tethers: X-Celeprint • Chip Manufacturing • MicroLED Displays Backplanes p91 • Impact on Supply chain • Passive Matrix Driving • Active Matrix Driving • Transfer And Assembly Technologies p125 • LCD vs Emissive display Driving Requirement • Pick and Place vs Monolithic Arrays • Emissive Display Driving • Massively Parallel Pick and Place and Printing Processes p127 • Thin Film Transistor Backplanes • Overview • TFT Substrates Example: Gen 10 • Transfer Sequences • TFT Channel Material • Transfer Array Vs. Display Pixel Pitch • Trends • Throughput and cost Drivers • Channel Materials For MicroLED Displays • Edge Effects • Pixel Density and Backplane • Pick and Place Processes • Impact on MicroLED Driving Technology • Die Stabilization and Release. • Impact on MicroLED Assembly Technology • Die Selection • Discrete Micro-Controllers • Pick Up Methods • MicroLED Epitaxy p106 • Luxvue: Electrostatic MEMS (Front End Level 0) • Luxvue Compliant Pick Up Heads • Overview • Luxvue Transfer Process Sequence • Epitaxy Defects and Dead Pixels • Luxvue Alternative Process • Wavelength homogeneity and Consistency • X-Celeprint Elastomere Transfer Printing • Brightness and Voltage Variations • Other Process Flows: Die Encapsulation • Impact on Supply chain • Other Process Flows: Stretchable Film • Semi-continuous Process ©2017 | www.yole.fr | MicroLED Displays 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS • Wet Printing, Electrophotographic • Broadband phosphors • Fluidic Assembly • Narrowband Phosphors • Key IP Holders and Conclusion • Examples • Phosphors Particle size • Large Monolithic MicroLED Arrays p160 • Quantum Dots • The challenge for High Pixel Density • Benefits and challenges • Full Array Level Microdisplay Manufacturing. • Performance • Hybridization • Implementations in Traditional Displays • MicroLED Array Hybridization on CMOS: LETI • Challenges for MicroLED Displays • Monolithic Integration of LTPS TFT: Lumiode • QD vs Phosphors: Summary • Monolithic Integration of Metal Oxide TFT: eMagin • Quantum Wells converters. • Monolithic Integration of GaN TFT: OSRAM and Nth Degree • Micro-wire MicroLED Arrays: Aledia • Defect Management p201 • 3D Integration: Ostendo • Introduction • Conclusion • Bad Pixels • Emitter Redundancy • Light Extraction and Viewing Angles p175 • Example of Repair Strategies • Introduction • Defect Management Strategies • Die-Level Beam Shaping and Extraction • Conclusion • Illustration: InfiniLED • Array-Level Beam Shaping • Applications and Markets for MicroLED Displays p212 • External Micro Optics • Overview Of Key Hypothesis • Viewing Angle and Power consumption • Overview of Epiwafer Cost per Application • Overview of Epiwafer And Transfer Cost per Application • Color Conversion p183 • Discussion • Color Gamut • MicroLED Attributes vs Application Requirement • Comparison of major standards • MicroLED Application Roadmap • Major Color Gamut in the CIE 1931 and 1976 spaces • MicroLED SWOT Per Application • Color Conversion • 2017-2025 MicroLED Adoption Forecast • Wavelength Converter Deposition ©2017 | www.yole.fr | MicroLED Displays 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS • Virtual Reality p224 • MicroLED for Smartwatches • Introduction: VR and AR/MR • 2017-2025 Forecast • The Reality-to-Virtual-Reality Continuum. • MOCVD Requirement • VR Displays: FOV, Resolution and Pixel Density • Transfer Tools Requirements • VR Displays: Refresh Rate • TVs p262 • VR Displays: Brightness • Introduction • Computing Power and Bandwidth • The UHD alliance • Foveated rendering • MicroLED vs OLED and QD-LCD • Trade Offs for the Design of a VR Headset • MicroLED TV Panel costs • Current status • Additional Challenges For MicroLED TVs • Microdisplays • MicroLED Volume forecast and MOCVD Requirements • MicroLED displays for VR: Transfer-Based (Large displays) • Transfer Tools Requirements • Screen Door Effect • Alternative Transfer and Assembly Approaches • MicroLED Microdisplays • MicroLED displays for VR: conclusion • Smart Phones p273 • Smartphone display Requirement • Augmented and Mixed Reality p244 • Is 4K required? • Display Requirements • MicroLED for Cell Phones: Epiwafer Cost • Display Types: • MicroLED for Cell Phones: Transfer Cost • MicroLED Displays for AR and MR • No Pixel Redundancy • Comparison of AR Displays Technologies • Pixel Redundancy • 2017 – 2027 AR/MR Market Forecast • Status and roadblocks • 2020-2027 MicroLED Scenario for AR/MR. • 2017-2025 Volume forecast and MOCVD Requirements • Head Up displays • Transfer Tools Requirements • 2020-2025 MicroLED Head Up displays Forecast • Tablets p284 • Smartwatches p253 • MicroLED Tablet Panel costs • Introduction • 2017-2025 Volume forecast and MOCVD Requirements • Forecasting the Smartwatch market • Transfer Tools Requirements ©2017 | www.yole.fr | MicroLED Displays 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS • Laptops and Convertibles p289 • Supply Chain p317 • Tablet, Laptops and convertible: Overview • Overview • MicroLED in Laptops • Summary of Key Hypothesis • MicroLED Laptop Panel costs • Substrate and MOCVD Requirements • 2017 -2025 Volume forecast and MOCVD Requirements • Discussion: Wafer Supply • Transfer Tools Requirements • Epitaxy and Wafer Processing • Transfer Tools • Desktop Monitors p296 • Impact on Supply chain • Desktop Computer Monitors • Supply Chain Scenario • 2017-2025 Volume forecast and MOCVD Requirements • Discussion • Transfer Tools Requirements • Large video displays