flDut HDzbt to (Bu m ar m13 mm EDITORS G EORG E D H AD ZS ITS PH EPUE , D . Univerfity ofPenmylvania D AVID OOR O NS ON P H D . M E R BI , . , LL . D c The yo bm H op/aim University CONTRIBUTORS TO TH E OUR D EBT TO GR C AND ROM FUND ” EE E E , WH OSE GENEROSITY H AS MAD E POSSIBL E TH E L IB RARY QD ut D ebt to (Bu m aah Rome Philadelphia B oston D R. ASTL . C . AS S EY P HHUR T ORIC BATE S (memorial) WIL L IAM L . A STIN F IC FI U REDER K P . S H O N C . B L L J H E WIL L IAM AMORY GARD NER H N H . B E RY ONNEL L JOSEPH CL ARK H OPPIN ASPER YEATES B RI NTON J Ch ago B ic G O N AM . E RGE UR H , H B JR ER ERT W . WOL FF JOHN CADWAL ADER Cincinnati MISS CL ARA COMEGYS CHARL ES PHEL PS TAFT MISS M ARY E . CONVERSE Cleveland ARTHUR G . D ICKS ON SAMUEL M ATHER WIL L IAM M . EL KIN S D . troit H . H F S S RN . e U E , JR O N AND S IL L IAM J H W. ER ON W P . GEST D X TE M . F JOHN GRIE BEL E R ERRY, JR . S AM L F . H O STON D l w P lva a UE U oy esto n , ennsy ni “ CHARLES EDWARD INGERSOL L A L OVER OF GREECE AND ” JOHN STORY JENKS ROME A O NS ew Y L BA B . J H ON N ork M IS S NINA L EA JOHN JAY CHAPMAN H ATI IL L A D I L L W . N OR O G . OYD R V K G MA L A GEORGE M cFAD D EN THO S W . MONT T W . M MRS . JOHN M ARKOE D WIGH ORROW M MRS . D . MO R JUL ES E . ASTBAUM W R OW A enat i S t i J . V UGHAN MERRICK S or ocie at s Philoso IN M hia e <PBK a FF G AM B . O IS as ax as E H RR p , , gr ti m im WILL IA M P a imns M R. UR HY g L JOHN S . NEWB OL D E IHU ROOT D M T . CH I P S AVIS PAGE (memorial) OR IMER L . S P L L A L AN OWEN J . ROBERTS WI I M S O E . W C JOS EPH G ROSENGARTEN GEORGE W . I KERSHAM b u WILL IAM C . SP O L And o ne o n o Wh o R U c tri t r, N . h as asked to h av e hi n me O B ST TS ON . s J H E , JR a L h D R . J . WI LIAM WHI TE Wit h eld : al M aecenas alaw d re ibu s (memori ) is e ite g , et a u ea GEORGE D . WIDENER O pr esidiu m cl d lce d ns MRS . AM S WIN S O menm. J E D . R OWEN WISTER Washington Th e Philadelphia So cie ty Th e Greek Emb assy at fo r th e o mo ion o fL b e W h in o n fo r th e Greek Pr t i ral as gt , S Go v e nmen . tu dies . r t A N C I E N T A N D MO D E RN RO M E BY SENATORE ROD OLFO LANCIANI D . D . H a var C . L . x o d LL d O f r , r MARSHALL JONES COMPANY B O STO N MA S SACH U S E TTS C O P Y R I G H T 1 9 2 5 B Y M A R S H A L L J O N E S C O M P AN Y I All rights reserved in ed u n e 1 2 Pr t J , 9 5 T H E P L I M P T O N P R E S S ° N O R W O 0 D ‘ M A S S A C H U S E T T S P R I N T E D I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A PRE FAC E H EN speaking or writing about Greece and Rome , we are apt to be carried away by the fascination Of names and places and depict to ourselves an ideal country , or an ideal city , governed by ideal institutions and inhabited by ideal cit iz ens n . We are ready to admit nothi g short Of perfection when the question concerns the physical and moral development of both Greeks and Romans ! Such a conception has no foundation in truth . The institutions were indeed excellent, but the men were not different from us physically and morally , except perhaps as regards the athletic training of the body . As a matter of fact there was the same struggle for life , the same craving for amusements and the same politi cal unrest ; the same habit of depending upon the Government for food and clothing ; and , strange to say, the same percentage in the number of publicans as compared with the total population . When we walk through the streets of Pom f peii and Ostia , it requires but a little e fort of [ V ] P R E F A C E imagination to recall them to life and make Of them awake from their sleep centuries . The pavement we tread upon is the same as that trodden by the Pompeiians and Ostians of an cient times ; the water with which we quench our thirst is brought from the same mountain springs ; their temples are still open for the od worship of the G s , having in many cases eu only changed denomination . We can still ter the attractive shops haunted by the fair a l dies of the past , where perfumers and jewel lers sold their wares , as , in Rome , choosing the Vicus Tu scu s for their headquarters ; the places where booksellers and copyists (Lib rarii and Anti u arii Ar iletu m q ) traded in the g , money changers and money lenders in the street Of Janus , pearl merchants in the Sacra Via, and Pi r r druggists in the h orr eo pe ata ia . We have inherited from Greece and Rome everything that helps us to fight and win the Of x . battles life , necessities as well as lu uries We cross the Alps , the Apennines , the Pyre e nees , the Balkans by the same passes th y first opened through rock and ice , while advancing to the conquest of the world ; we harbour our fleets in the same havens they founded in the deep sea ; we seek health and rest at the same [ v i ] P R E F A C E thermal establishments , which still give fame and prosperity to British , Gallic , German , Helvetian and Italian watering places . Such being the case , such being the burden h of gratitude w ich we feel , or ought to feel , towards Greece and Rome , I believe that a closer and more detailed comparison between ancient and modern municipal life and man a ement g , between ancient and modern Rome , is a subject well worth taking into considera tion ; at all events , it is a subject less exhausted b e than , for example , the usual comparisons tween Greek , Roman and Renaissance Art . The Romans never boasted of overwhelming S kill in painting and sculpture , but they were incomparable architects and engineers . In the following pages , let us consider the magnitude of the debt Of gratitude which our modern city owes to ancient Rome in the matter of municipal development , as well as in all the necessities and niceties of life in general . In almost all important matters ancient Rome es tab lish ed a certain standard or type and the reader Of the following pages will probably re peat to himself the well - worn but always true l adage : nihil su b so e no v u m. [ v ii ] C ON T E N T S CH APTER CONTRIBUTORS TO TH E FUND PREFA CE TH E T OF OM AND AL AR A I . SI E R E M I T R - L II . WA E SUPP Y OS P TA L S AND CAL RV C III . H I MEDI SE I E E C E A S RS ND IV . TH PAL A E OF TH C E A A TH E PAL AC E OF TH E POPES H N S AL PRE V . S OOTI G LODGE ; ROY S ERVE S ; ZOOL OGICAL GARD EN S HOME S ORT C O S A H ARA CT R ST C RO P I E , C E I I MAN IN STITUTION LIBRARIE S POL ICE A ND FIRE D EPARTMENT S SUMMER RE S ORT S TH E FEEDING OF T H E METROPOL I S CITY LIFE I N WAR- TIMES TH E TOPOGRAPH Y O F ANCIENT AND M ODERN ROM E NOT E S BIB L IOGRAPH Y . ANCIENT AND MOD ERN ROME A N C I E NT A N D MO D E RN RO M E I E SI E O RO E .