FAMILY Synaphobranchidae Johnson, 1862 - cutthroat eels SUBFAMILY Ilyophinae Jordan & Davis, 1891 - arrowtooth eels [=Ilyophididae, Dysommidae, Todarus, Nettodaridae, Dysomminidae, Todaridae] Notes: Ilyophididae Jordan & Davis, 1891:670 [ref. 2437] (family) Ilyophis [stem changed to Ilyoph- by Gilbert 1891:351 [ref. 1625] [published after the separate of ref. 2437 ?], confirmed by Regan 1912d:380 [ref. 31893] and by Robins & Robins 1989:234 [ref. 13287]] Dysommidae Gill, 1893b:132 [ref. 26255] (family) Dysomma [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1; stem emended to Dysommat- by Steyskal 1980:173 [ref. 14191]; family name sometimes seen as Dyssommidae or Dyssommatidae] Todarus Grassi & Calandruccio, 1896:349 [ref. 1877] (no family-group name) Nettodaridae Whitley, 1951b:407 [ref. 4715] (family) Nettodarus [senior objective synonym of Todaridae Greenwood, Rosen, Weitzman & Myers, 1966] Dysomminidae Böhlke & Hubbs, 1951:10 [ref. 32594] (family) Dysommina [family name sometimes seen as Dysominidae or Dyssominidae] Todaridae Greenwood, Rosen, Weitzman & Myers, 1966:393 [ref. 26856] (family) Todarus Grassi & Calandruccio [name only; junior objective synonym of Nettodaridae Whitley, 1951, invalid, Article 61.3.2] GENUS Atractodenchelys Robins & Robins, 1970 - arrowtooth eels [=Atractodenchelys Robins [C. H.] & Robins [C. R.], 1970:296] Notes: [ref. 3783]. Fem. Atractodenchelys phrix Robins & Robins, 1970. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Atractodenchelys Robins & Robins, 1970 -- (Robins & Robins 1976:250 [ref. 3784], Robins & Robins 1989:240 [ref. 13287], Chen & Mok 1995:927 [ref. 21892], Smith 2003:723 [ref. 26989], Karmovskaya 2003:441 [ref. 27168]). Current status: Valid as Atractodenchelys Robins & Robins, 1970. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. Species Atractodenchelys phrix Robbins & Robbins, 1970 - arrowtooth eel [=Atractodenchelys phrix Robins [C. H.] & Robins [C. R.], 1970:297, Fig. 1A] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 122 (no. 6); ref. 3783] Eastern Caribbean, 11°36'N, 62°52'W, depth 385-425 meters. Current status: Valid as Atractodenchelys phrix Robins & Robins, 1970. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Florida (U.S.A.) to Brazil. Habitat: marine. Species Atractodenchelys robinsorum Karmovskaya, 2003 - Chesterfield arrowtooth eel (author) [=Atractodenchelys robinsorum Karmovskaya [E. S.], 2003:441] Notes: [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 43 (no. 4); ref. 27168] Southwestern Pacific, Bellona Plateau, Chesterfield Islands, 19°43'S, 158°48'E, depth 710 meters. Current status: Valid as Atractodenchelys robinsorum Karmovskaya, 2003. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Chesterfield Islands (New Caledonia). Habitat: marine. GENUS Dysomma Alcock, 1889 - arrowtooth eels [=Dysomma Alcock [A. W.], 1889:459, Dysommopsis Alcock [A. W.], 1891:137, Nettodarus Whitley [G. P.], 1951:407, Sinomyrus Lin [S.-Y.], 1933:93, Todarus Grassi [G. B.] & Calandruccio [S.], 1896:349] Notes: [ref. 20525]. Neut. Dysomma bucephalus Alcock, 1889. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Dysomma Alcock, 1889 -- (Robins & Robins 1976:256 [ref. 3784], Karrer 1982:89 [ref. 5679], Asano in Masuda et al. 1984:27 [ref. 6441], Saldanha & Bauchot in Whitehead et al. 1986:587 [ref. 13676], Castle 1986:189 [ref. 5644], Robins & Robins 1989:244 [ref. 13287], Chen & Mok 1995:927 [ref. 21892], Smith 1999:1660 [ref. 24661], Smith 2003:722 [ref. 26989], Smith 2003:723 [ref. 26989], Fricke et al. 2009:18 [ref. 30213], Ho et al. 2010:26 [ref. 31218], Zhang et al. 2010:305 [ref. 31511]). Current status: Valid as Dysomma Alcock, 1889. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. (Dysommopsis) [ref. 87]. Fem. Dysommopsis muciparus Alcock, 1891. Type by monotypy. Misspelled Dsyommopsis in Zoological Record for 1891. •Synonym of Dysomma Alcock, 1889 -- (Robins & Robins 1976:256 [ref. 3784], Robins & Robins 1989:244 [ref. 13287]). Current status: Synonym of Dysomma Alcock, 1889. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. (Nettodarus) [ref. 4715]. Masc. Nettastoma brevirostre Facciolà, 1887. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Todarus Grassi & Calandruccio, 1896 [preoccupation not researched, Whitley provides no details]. •Valid as Nettodarus Whitley, 1951 -- (Blache et al. 1973:237 [ref. 7185]). •Synonym of Dysomma Alcock, 1889 -- (Robins & Robins 1976:256 [ref. 3784], Saldanha & Bauchot in Whitehead et al. 1986:587 [ref. 13676], Robins & Robins 1989:244 [ref. 13287]). Current status: Synonym of Dysomma Alcock, 1889. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. (Sinomyrus) [ref. 2783]. Masc. Sinomyrus angustus Lin, 1933. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Dysomma Alcock, 1889 -- (Robins & Robins 1976:256 [ref. 3784], Robins & Robins 1989:244 [ref. 13287]). Current status: Synonym of Dysomma Alcock, 1889. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. (Todarus) [ref. 1877]. Masc. Nettastoma brevirostre Facciolà, 1887. Type by monotypy. Preoccupeid by Todarus Rafinesque, 1840, a cephalopod; replaced by Nettodarus Whitley, 1951. •Objective synonym of Nettodarus Whitley, 1951 -- (Blache et al. 1973:238 [ref. 7185]). •Synonym of Dysomma Alcock, 1889 -- (Robins & Robins 1976:256 [ref. 3784], Robins & Robins 1989:244 [ref. 13287]). Current status: Synonym of Dysomma Alcock, 1889. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. Species Dysomma anguillare Barnard, 1923 - shortbelly eel [=Dysomma anguillaris Barnard [K. H.], 1923:443, Sinomyrus angustus Lin [S.-Y.], 1933:94, Fig. 1, Dysomma aphododera Ginsburg [I.], 1951:452, Fig. 7, Dysomma japonicus Matsubara [K.], 1936:961, Fig., Dysomma zanzibarensis Norman [J. R.], 1939:44, Fig. 17] Notes: [Annals of the South African Museum v. 13 (pt 8, no. 14); ref. 191] Off Tugela River mouth, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 63 fathoms [115 meters]. Current status: Valid as Dysomma anguillare Barnard, 1923. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. Distribution: Circumglobal. Habitat: marine. (angustus) [Lingnan Science Journal, Canton v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 2783] Hoitow, Hainan, China. Current status: Synonym of Dysomma anguillare Barnard, 1923. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. Habitat: marine. (aphododera) [Texas Journal of Science v. 3 (no. 3); ref. 1804] Off Padre Island, Texas, U.S.A., 26°30'N, 96°26'W, depth 50 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Dysomma anguillare Barnard, 1923. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. Habitat: marine. (japonicus) [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 48 (no. 11); ref. 13721] Kumano-Nada, southeast of Kii Peninsula, Japan, depth 150 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Dysomma anguillare Barnard, 1923. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. Habitat: marine. (zanzibarensis) [Scientific Reports, John Murray Expedition v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 6556] Zanzibar area, Tanzania, western Indian Ocean, 5°38'54"S, 39°15'42" to 39°17'36"E, station 106, depth 183-194 meters. Current status: Synonym of Dysomma anguillare Barnard, 1923. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. Habitat: marine. Species Dysomma brevirostre (Facciolà, 1887) - pignosed arrowtooth eel [=Nettastoma brevirostre Facciolà [L.], 1887:166, Pl. 3 (fig. 3), Leptocephalus telescopicus Schmidt [E. J.], 1913:11, Pl. 1 (fig. 8)] Notes: [Naturalista Siciliano [Il Naturalista Siciliano, Giornale di scienze naturali] v. 6; ref. 16780] [Sicilia] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Dysomma brevirostre (Facciolà, 1887). Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. Distribution: Eastern and western Atlantic (including Mediterranean Sea); Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine. (telescopicus) [Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for havundersøgelser. Serie, fiskeri. v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 14986] Tyrrhenian Sea. Current status: Synonym of Dysomma brevirostre (Facciolà, 1887). Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. Habitat: marine Species Dysomma bucephalus Alcock, 1889 - Bengal arrowtooth eel (author) [=Dysomma bucephalus Alcock [A. W.], 1889:459 [35]] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 4 (no. 24); ref. 20525] Bay of Bengal, eastern Indian Ocean, 20°17'30"N, 88°51'E, Investigator station 14, depth 193 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Dysomma bucephalus Alcock, 1889. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine. Species Dysomma dolichosomatum Karrer, 1983 - shortbelly eel [=Dysomma dolichosomatum Karrer [C.], 1983:93, Figs. 28 A-B] Notes: [Faune Tropicale v. 23 (for 1982); ref. 5679] Madagascar, 22°25'S, 43°04.5'E, depth 550-555 meters. Current status: Valid as Dysomma dolichosomatum Karrer, 1983. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine. Species Dysomma fuscoventralis Karrer & Klausewitz, 1982 - Red Sea arrowtooth eel (author) [=Dysomma fuscoventralis Karrer [C.] & Klausewitz [W.], 1982:199, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 62 (nos 4/6) (1981); ref. 8466] Central Red Sea, 21°26.50'N, 38°38.30'E, depth 799-801 meters. Current status: Valid as Dysomma fuscoventralis Karrer & Klausewitz, 1982. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine. Species Dysomma goslinei Robins & Robins, 1976 - Gosline's arrowtooth eel (author) [=Dysomman goslinei Robins [C. H.] & Robins [C. R.], 1976:261, Figs. 3, 6, 7c, 8] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 127; ref. 3784] Indian Ocean, 14°52'N, 96°39'E. Current status: Valid as Dysomma goslinei Robins & Robins, 1976. Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine. Species Dysomma longirostrum Chen & Mok, 2001 - Chen's arrowtooth dysomma eel (author) [=Dysomma longirostrum