UNITED STATES BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN,1912, NO. 12 - - - WHOLE NUMBER 483 THE DUTCHSCHOOLS OF NEW, NETHERLAND AND COLONIAL NEW YORK I By WILLIAM HEARD KILPATRICK ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF THE HIS1ORY OF EDUCATION TEACHERS COLLEGE. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY NEW YOI-UK a S 0.0 S I 4 , ligASHINGTOrr"1". ti GOVERNMENT PRINTING OfTICE 1912 I v. Is"v A _ 174004 MAY 12 1913 ?age. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 7 PREFACE 9 CHAPTER I.--GENERAL INTRODUCTION 11 The West India Company, 11; the patnions, 12; Flow groN411 of New Neill- / erland, 13; the government of Ncw Netherland and of New A instiTilain, k3; the Reformed Dutch Church, 15; currency of New Netherland, 16; the first English occupation, 16; the duke's laws, 17; the second English occupation, 17; attitude of the English authorities toward schools, 1S. CHAPTER ILTHE SCHOOLS OF THE NETHERLANDs IN THE RYVENTEENTII CENTURY 19 Interest of the church synods in schools, 19; secular interest in education, 20; the relation of church and state in the control of schools, 21;I ho parochial school of the Netherlands, the teacher, his certification, 25; Monsterkdarts,26; appointmentofteaclwrs,26; remuneration,26; auxiliary occupations of teachers, 27; subu'dinate teachent, 28;the 'school calendar, 28; schoolhouses and furniture, 29; scli.)oling of girls, 30; school hours, 31; school prayers, 31; rules of conduct, 111; the cur- riculum and textbooks, 32; religious inst ructiofi, 34; Lativhiils, 35; number of schools, 37; public character of schools, 38. CHAPTER 111.- -THE DATE. OF THE FIRST SCHOOL. IN NEWNETHERLAND 39 The year 1633 heretofore accepted, 39; new data, 39; certification of Adam.. lisielintrien in 1637, 40; Dunshee*s atsertions, 40; deposition of "Adam Roelantsen, schoolmaster" in 1638, 41; probable indebtedness of Bungle() to O'Callaghan and Brodhead, 42; the probable date of Roelantsen's first school, 44; did the Krauken-besoeckers, Xml and Buygen, teach an earlier school? 44g dirt Rlelantsen teach prior to 1638? 48; must ,a school prior to 1638 _be admitted? 49;corwhision as to date of first school, 49. CHAPTER IV. THEMASTERS OF THE OFFICIAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AT NEW AMSTERDAM.. 51 Private life of Adam Roelantsen, 51; close of Adam Roelantsen's teaching career not 1639 but 1642, 53; Roelantsen's subsequent career, 55; Jan Stevensen the second schoolmaster, 57;his remuneration, 57; Stuy- vesant's remark about "no school," 59; the period from 1648.1o' 1650, 60; Willem Vestensz, of Haarlem, 1650-1655, 62;four-year terms, 83; Hermann's van Ilobocken, 1655-1661, 69; EveX Pietersen from'1661 to the close of the period, 66; Pietereen's instructions, 67; two masters possible, 69; summary, 70. CHAPTER V.THE SUPPORT AND CONTROL OF THE OFFICIAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL OF NEW AMSTERDAM 71 Control by the church officials, 71; regulations made by the chueis ofAm- sterdam for schools of the East and West Indies, 72; ultimate control of Now Netherland church affairs, 73; cooperation of civil and ecclesiastical bodies in securing Willem Vestensz as teacher, 73; local control by church . masters,, 76; ipterest of consistory and of ministers, 77; control by secular authorities, 78; little done by States-General, 79; actual support and con- ofwainlyby lords directors, 81; theirinstructions executed by 4 CONTENTS. Page. for general and council, 83; the nine men, 85; the burgomasters and achepens, 86; dispute between Stuyvesant and the city over salary pay- ments. 86;control of the burgomasters, 91; schoolhouses,,92; tuition charges, 93; relation of the church and state in the control of the school, 93. CHATTER VI.THF. LATIN SCHOOL AT NEW AMSTERDAM No "academy" contemplated in 1650, 95; the, trivial school of 1652, 95; meaning oftrivial e established', 96: school not taught in a taphouse, 99; petition for a lath school in1658, 99; election of Dr Curtins, 100; his salary, 100; the herbarium from the Leyden garden, 101.; the hog suit. against De Curtius, 101; complaints against excessive tuition charges. 102; probable niumber of pupils, 103; bad conduct of the boys, 104; din - Missal of Curtitte,104; support and control of the Latin school,104; itegiditta Ltlyck chosen as master, 105; difilculty abhitt salary,105; Luyek's career, 107; textbooks used in the school, 108. CHAPTER V11. THE PRIVATE /c1100I.MASTERI4 OF NEW NETHERLAND 110 Aegidius Luyck and Jacque Cortelyou as private tutors,110; too (lame toehools found in New Netherland, 110; Adriaen Jansen van Ilperidam, I 1 I ;David Prevoost-, 111; Joost Carelsen.not a teacher, 112; Hans St eyn, 11.; petition of Andries Huddo for license referred to minister and , coo- sistory, 113; Frans Claessen's boys in the neighbor'e corn, 113; Jattbb Corlaer and the deessity of procuring a license. 114; Jan 14thfierts, 116; varied career of Jan- Juriaens Becker, 116; Johannes van Gelder, 117; conclusion, 117. CHAPTER VIII.THE SCHOOLS OF THE DITCH VILLAGES OF NEW NETHER- LAND. 119 Rensselaerswyck and its schoolmasters, 119; public'support of toorlezer, 122; Brooklyn, Carel de Beauvois, his duties, help from Stuyvesant, 123; Midnottcl (Flatbush), school lands, first school 411'1659, succeeding mas- ters, 124; the schoolhouse, leasing of achodl lands, 127; this village typi- cal, 128; no soltool found at Flatlands, 129; New A mstel had schoolmaster from the first, 129; Dutch system of names, 130 (note); New Haerlcm, its settlement and village court, help from company on schoolmaster's salary, 131; Wiltwyck (Kingston), its settlement, ,s'- lioolmaaters, 133; village 'chat ter contains school reference, 134; St uyvesant 's Bouwery, Harmanus yan Hoboken, 135; Bergen, diepute over a tax on school- master,. 137; Bos*Yck, Boudewin Manout and assistance from Stuy- vesant, 138; no school found at New Utrecht, 139; summary of schools in Data villages, 139. - CHAPTER IX. Tar NEW YORK CITY SCHOOL, 1664-1674. 142 Dutch pu 'blic school continued, 142; Piett Pietersen's prolonged efforts to get a salary, 142; rent of househited for tit.y school demanded, 143; sup- port of ectiool by a rate,146; continuity.,Of the school, 146. CHAPTER X. THE SCHOOL OP THE itEPORMISItthICH CHURCH OP Saw YORK CITY, 1674-1776 r .147 Abraham de 1,anoy succeeds Pietersen, his term oritervice. 147 ; eatechb tics! *instruction in 1698, 499; Gov. Cornbury declines to license a master for the school, 149; contract ofBarend de Forest, his imprisonment for debt; 160. Gerrit van Wagenen, and his eoninybert, 151; a sec° d Dutch School under Abraham de Lanoy, /52; William van Dalsem, we of the second' school, 153; Daniel Bratt, 158; cputroventy withithe Dutch churches over adaptation to American conditions, declinef Dutch Ian- Ittnits,159; JO= Nicolas Welp brought from Holland, his large,salary, CONTENTS. 5 Page. 154; decline of Dutch school, 156; suit of lee reactionaries, 156; both languages under Master Peter van Steenbergh, 1571; continuity of the sthool, 159. CHAPTER XI.- THE SCHOOL. AT Nelv HAERLEM AFTER 1664 160 Small population, same building for church and school, 16(1; Hendrick Vander Yin succeeds Montagne, 460;othortive (lion at a fax for school support, 160; 16 householders in 1674, 161; Vander Yin tits the church as a dwelling, 161; compulsory -ire, will contributions," 162: the new schoolhouse, 163; Jan Tibout succeeds Vander Vin, 1114; passive resist- ance, 161; resum6, 165. CHAPTER XII. -THE SCHOOM OF FLATRIT, d AFTER 1.664 166 Arent. Evers Molenaer succeeds Chivy, 166; Jan Tibout's rontrat of 1666, 167; Jacob Joosten's detailed contract of 1(170, 167; the new schoolhouse, 168; Jan Gerritsz van Marken, his quarrel with D? van Zunren and din- missal, 170; relation of court and consistory in the control of the school, 171; cleetion of Jan Tibout (1631), his downfall and dismissal, 172; Johannes van Ekelen rides with Leisler and is dismissed, 174; the con- test over the schoolhouse, 176; strengthening of the popular party, 177; Jolfannes SiThenck and Van Ekelen in turn succeed each other, 177; factional strife over minimeres, two voprlezers, separation of school ser- vice from church service, 179; Jan Game! (1714-1718),181; Adriaen lIegeman's lung term (1718-1712J, change to English monei, 181; Jores itemseti, 182; English introduced in-1758, 18:1; Points van Steenbergh, 183; tuition of poor paid by the deacons, 183; growth of popular govern- ment, 184; election of Antony W:dp, his contract, 185; the school at Oust wood (New Loan), its masters, 186; the only Dutch school dame found in the records, 189; evening schools, 190; the nchielhouse as a dwelling, 191; school furniture, 192; administration of affairs in Flat bush, 192; 4 he village court, the town meeting, 193; school commit= toys, 194; church masters, 194; the consistory,195; an unexplained instance of school stipervision, 196; jIliterary of Flathush men, 196; of Elatbush women, 198; iuttbduction of English !anguag(, 198; summary, 190. CHAPTER 11.THE Ss.'HOOLR OF OTHER DUTCH VILLAGER AFTER 1664 201 Albau)is masters,ifriarge school in 1744, 201; illiteracy at. Albany, 204; Bergen, Van Giesen's long service (1664-17071, 205;41ispute over school tax, 205; little known of the Flatlands school, or of Brooklyn, 207; Kind-. erhook and Poughkeepsier209; New Utrecht, De Baeni's trouble with the Leisterians, 21%.Schenectady, its masters, use of expressitm "trivial school," 211; Kingston, its masters, evening school, probable tux for school support, 212; Gov. Cornbury's interference, 213; conclusion: 214. CHAPTER X1\'.Tug ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PROM WITHIN 216 School hours and calendar, 227; schoolhouses, 227; school attendance of girls amply shorn by records, 217; education of the kdloolmasters, 219; the.curriculum, 220 rrligious instruction, 222; church altendance of the pupils, 222; school %dolts, 223; resum6, 226. CHAPTER XV..CONCLUSION' 228 Review, 22/3; illiteracy of American Dutch as compared with. Virginia, 4 the German, 228; immigrants, and Maslachusetts, 230; American Dutch 1;. schools properl/ called public', 230; influence of 'the Dutch on Amelican education, 230.