SECTOR 2 HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULICS SUPPORTING REPORT SECTOR 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SECTOR 2. Hydrology and hydraulics .................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 Hydrology...................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Outline of Pyanj River Basin ............................................................. 2-1 2.1.2 Hydro-Meteorological Data ............................................................... 2-1 2.1.3 Runoff Characteristic of Pyanj River Basin....................................... 2-5 2.1.4 Runoff Analysis ................................................................................. 2-8 2.1.5 Recommendations for Hydro-Meteorological Observations ............. 2-13 2.2 Hydraulics...................................................................................................... 2-17 2.2.1 Verification of Data of Khrimanjo Station......................................... 2-17 2.2.2 Estimation of Flood Discharge in Hamadoni..................................... 2-18 2.2.3 Prospect of Riverbed Fluctuation in Hamadoni................................. 2-19 2.2.4 Riverbed Material Survey .................................................................. 2-20 2.2.5 Riverbed Variation Analysis in Alluvial Fan...................................... 2-21 2.2.6 Riverbed Variation Analysis around Spur Dike ................................. 2-32 2.3 Flood Forecasting System ............................................................................. 2-37 2.3.1 Present Situation ................................................................................ 2-37 2.3.2 Forecasting Procedure........................................................................ 2-38 2.3.3 Necessary Facilities for Flood Monitoring and Forecasting.............. 2-40 2.3.4 Setting of Beginning of Snowmelt and Flood Seasons...................... 2-41 2.3.5 Setting of Warning Levels.................................................................. 2-41 References .............................................................................................................. 2-45 Tables Figures Annexes i LIST OF TABLES IN REPORT Table R 2.1.1 Parameter of Main Rivers.................................................................................. 2-1 Table R 2.1.2 Location of Meteorological Stations ................................................................. 2-3 Table R 2.1.3 Location of Hydrological Stations..................................................................... 2-4 Table R 2.1.4 Catchment Area in Hydrological Stations ......................................................... 2-6 Table R 2.1.5 Comparison of Catchment Areas and Runoff Volume in 2005 ......................... 2-6 Table R 2.1.6 Snow Coverage Area in Each Month ................................................................ 2-7 Table R 2.1.7 Evaporation at Rushan Station .......................................................................... 2-9 Table R 2.1.8 Monthly Average of Sun Radiation ................................................................... 2-10 Table R 2.1.9 Result of Parameter Calibration ........................................................................ 2-12 Table R 2.1.10 Peak Discharge of Five Biggest Floods at Chubek ........................................... 2-13 Table R 2.1.11 Interval of Hydrological Observatories on Pyanj Mainstream.......................... 2-14 Table R 2.1.12 Necessary Equipment for Existing and Proposed Observatories ...................... 2-14 Table R 2.1.13 Necessary Equipment for Existing and Proposed Observatories ...................... 2-16 Table R 2.2.1 Peak Discharge Ratio by Runoff Simulation..................................................... 2-18 Table R 2.2.2 Probable Discharge............................................................................................ 2-19 Table R 2.2.3 Contents of Riverbed Material Survey.............................................................. 2-20 Table R 2.2.4 Flow Ratio between the Discharge along the Dike and at Chubek ................... 2-24 Table R 2.2.5 Days in Discharge Scale.................................................................................... 2-26 Table R 2.2.6 Impact to Afghanistan Area............................................................................... 2-29 Table R 2.2.7 Maximum Difference of Riverbed Variation..................................................... 2-31 Table R 2.3.1 Forecast of Water Volumes of Pyanj River in 2006 (April-September) ............ 2-37 Table R 2.3.2 The Time Required for Discharge Increasing of Large Scale Floods................ 2-43 LIST OF FIGURES IN REPORT Fig. R 2.1.1 Location of Meteorological Stations ................................................................. 2-3 Fig. R 2.1.2 Location of Hydrological Stations..................................................................... 2-4 Fig. R 2.1.3 Conceptual Diagram of Snow Melting Routine and Runoff Model.................. 2-8 Fig. R 2.1.4 Depth-Area Curves for Reducing Point Rainfall to Obtain Areal Average Value 2-9 Fig. R 2.1.5 Proposed Sites of New Hydrological Observatories ......................................... 2-15 Fig. R 2.1.6 Proposed Sites of New Meteorological Observatories...................................... 2-17 Fig. R 2.2.1 Distribution of Average Particle Size ................................................................ 2-21 Fig. R 2.2.2 Interpolation of Ground Level........................................................................... 2-24 Fig. R 2.2.3 Distribution of Flow Velocity and Depth along Dike........................................ 2-28 Fig. R 2.2.4 Distribution of Depth and Flow Velocity in the Vicinity of Metintugay........... 2-32 Fig. R 2.2.5 The Model of Spur Dike.................................................................................... 2-34 Fig. R 2.2.6 Velocity Distribution ......................................................................................... 2-36 Fig. R 2.3.1 Flow Chart of Flood Forecasting of the Characteristics Model ........................ 2-38 Fig. R 2.3.2 Radio Water Level Sensor ................................................................................. 2-40 Fig. R 2.3.3 Superimposing of Hydrographs......................................................................... 2-41 Fig. R 2.3.4 Image of Warning Level Setting........................................................................ 2-43 ii LIST OF TABLES AT THE BACK OF REPORT Table 2.1.1 Meteorological Data Availability ...................................................................... T-2-1 Table 2.1.2 Hydrological Data Availability y....................................................................... T-2-2 Table 2.1.3 Specific Discharge ............................................................................................ T-2-3 Table 2.1.4 Catchment Area of Sub-Basins ......................................................................... T-2-4 Table 2.1.5 Catchment Area in Each Altitude Zone............................................................. T-2-5 Table 2.2.1 Annual Flood Peak Series ................................................................................. T-2-6 Table 2.2.2 Results of Riverbed Material Survey ................................................................ T-2-7 Table 2.2.3 Comparison of the Interval of Spur Dike.......................................................... T-2-9 Table 2.2.4 Comparison of the Angle of Spur Dike............................................................. T-2-10 Table 2.2.5 Comparison of the Length of Spur Dike ........................................................... T-2-11 Table 2.2.6 Comparison of the Scale of Flow Discharge..................................................... T-2-12 LIST OF FIGURES AT THE BACK OF REPORT Fig. 2.1.1 Pyanj River System........................................................................................... F-2-1 Fig. 2.1.2 Organization Chart of Tajikmeteorology........................................................... F-2-2 Fig. 2.1.3 Precipitation Distribution.................................................................................. F-2-3 Fig. 2.1.4 Timing of Peak Discharge Appearance ............................................................. F-2-4 Fig. 2.1.5 Degree Day Factor of Five Large Small Flood in Khorog................................ F-2-5 Fig. 2.1.6 Comparison of Runoff Volume and Degree Day Factor in Khorog.................. F-2-6 Fig. 2.1.7 Snow Coverage Area......................................................................................... F-2-7 Fig. 2.1.8 Difference in Temperature................................................................................. F-2-10 Fig. 2.1.9 Sub-Basin Map of Panj River ........................................................................... F-2-11 Fig. 2.1.10 Schematic Model for Pyanj River Basin........................................................... F-2-12 Fig. 2.1.11 Result of Calibration at Khirmanjo ................................................................... F-2-13 Fig. 2.1.12 Result of Calibration at Khorog ........................................................................ F-2-15 Fig. 2.1.13 Runoff Result at Chubek................................................................................... F-2-17 Fig. 2.2.1 Secular Variation of Cross Section