ANALECTA ROMANA INSTITUTI DANICI XLII ANALECTA ROMANA INSTITUTI DANICI XLII 2017 ROMAE MMXVII ANALECTA ROMANA INSTITUTI DANICI XLII © 2017 Accademia di Danimarca ISSN 2035-2506 Published with the support of a grant from: Det Frie Forskningsråd / Kultur og Kommunikation SCIENTIFIC BOARD Karoline Prien Kjeldsen (Bestyrelsesformand, Det Danske Institut i Rom) Jens Bertelsen (Bertelsen & Scheving Arkitekter) Maria Fabricius Hansen (Københavns Universitet) Peter Fibiger Bang (Københavns Universitet) Thomas Harder (Forfatter/writer/scrittore) Michael Herslund (Copenhagen Business School) Hanne Jansen (Københavns Universitet) Kurt Villads Jensen (Syddansk Universitet) Erik Vilstrup Lorenzen (Den Danske Ambassade i Rom) Mogens Nykjær (Aarhus Universitet) Vinnie Nørskov (Aarhus Universitet) Niels Rosing-Schow (Det Kgl. Danske Musikkonservatorium) Lene Schøsler (Københavns Universitet) EDITORIAL BOARD Marianne Pade (Chair of Editorial Board, Det Danske Institut i Rom) Patrick Kragelund (Danmarks Kunstbibliotek) Sine Grove Saxkjær (Det Danske Institut i Rom) Gert Sørensen (Københavns Universitet) Anna Wegener (Det Danske Institut i Rom) Maria Adelaide Zocchi (Det Danske Institut i Rom) Analecta Romana Instituti Danici. — Vol. I (1960) — . Copenhagen: Munksgaard. From 1985: Rome, «L’ERMA» di Bretschneider. From 2007 (online): Accademia di Danimarca ANALECTA ROMANA INSTITUTI DANICI encourages scholarly contributions within the Academy’s research fields. All contributions will be peer reviewed. Manuscripts to be considered for publication should be sent to: [email protected] Authors are requested to consult the journal’s guidelines at www.acdan.it Contents SINE GROVE SAXKJÆR: The Emergence and Marking of Ethnic Identities: Case Studies from the Sibaritide Region 7 ALESSIA DI SANTI: From Egypt to Copenhagen. The Provenance of the Portraits of Augustus, Livia, and Tiberius at the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 33 LARS BOJE MORTENSEN: The Canons of the Medieval Literature from the Middle Ages to the Twenty-First Century 47 SØREN KASPERSEN: Body Language and Theology in the Sistine Ceiling. A Reconsideration of the Augustinian Thesis 65 NICHOLAS STANLEY-PRICE: The Myth of Catholic Prejudice against Protestant Funerals in Eighteenth- Century Rome 89 ANNIKA SKAARUP LARSEN: Bertel Thorvaldsen and Zeuxis: The Assembling Artist 101 KASPAR THORMOD: Depicting People in Rome: Contemporary Examples of Portaiture in the Work of International Artists 119 The Emergence and Marking of Ethnic Identities: Case Studies from the Sibaritide Region1 by SINE GROVE SAXKJÆR Abstract. Based on two case studies in the Sibaritide region in Southern Italy, the article deals with the identification of ethnic markers in the archaeological record. The chronological framework of the article spans the eighth to sixth centuries BC, the era of the so-called Greek colonisation. The central point of the approach argued is the need to identify patterns in the material culture over time. These patterns can reflect continuity or discontinuity in past practices which may be culturally determined and which may eventually have come to function as ethnic markers in the encounter with the Greeks. Such patterns can be established by taking a contextual approach to the material. The article focuses on two types of pattern in the archaeological record: the first relating to the material style and production of pottery, and the second centring on material patterns connected to funerary practices. Introduction Sybaris was founded by Achaeans3 emigrating The aim of the present article is twofold: first, from the northern Peloponnese. Based on to shed light on aspects of the emergence and the literary accounts, the cultural dynamics development of ethnic and cultural identities unfolding in the Sibaritide region between the among the indigenous populations at eighth and sixth centuries belong to the era Timpone della Motta and Amendolara, in the long referred to as the Greek colonisation. period between the eighth and sixth centuries While the impact of the earliest academic BC; and secondly, to explore the methodology works on Greek colonisation4 – which were for the identification of ethnic markers in characterised by an uncritical acceptance of the archaeological record. Both Timpone the later Greek and Roman sources entailing della Motta and Amendolara are indigenous a history of colonisation in the true sense of foothill settlements in the Sibaritide region the term – continued to pervade the field of in Southern Italy. The earliest Greek settlers research throughout most of the twentieth arrived in this region when Euboeans settled century, within the last twenty-five years, on the southern slope of Timpone della interpretations related to coexistence and two- Motta in the first half of the eighth century way cultural exchange have gained a central BC,2 while Sybaris was established on the position. Recent approaches include, among coastal plain in the last quarter of the eighth others, the notions of a colonial “middle century BC (Fig. 1). According to tradition, ground”,5 of hybridity, and of a “third 1 The present article is largely based on my unpublished sen 2013. PhD dissertation, Markers of Ethnicity in the Archaeologi- 3 Strab. 6.1.13. cal Record: The Emergence of Indigenous Ethnic and Cultural 4 Some of the most comprehensive of these being Identities in Southern Italy (eighth – sixth centuries), Aarhus Ettore Pais (Pais 1894) and Emanuele Ciaceri (Cia- University 2015. The article was written during my ceri 1924–1932), while the most thorough study of postdoctoral scholarship at the Danish Institute in the written sources was presented by Jean Bérard Rome, funded by the Carlsberg Foundation. (Bérard 1957). 2 Jacobsen et al. 2009a; Jacobsen et al. 2009b; Jacob- 5 See e.g. Malkin 1998; Malkin 2002. 8 SINE GROVE SAXKJÆR Fig. 1. Map of the Sibaritide (illustration: S. G. Saxkjær). space”,6 while additional approaches to the which came into close contact with Greek Greek so-called colonisation and its effects settlers in the eighth or early seventh centuries include human mobility and globalisation7 BC. Following the arrival of the Greeks, a as well as network theory.8 Common to shift in the prevailing material style can be these approaches, even if the term is used in observed throughout the Sibaritide region. different ways and with varying definitions, is This shift is most clearly seen in the pottery the notion of ethnic identity. Accordingly, the production. The indigenous pottery was subject of the present article is by no means characterised by being hand-made by coiling novel; however, it is hoped that its focus on the technique and adorned with a matt-painted method – the practical identification of ethnic decoration. This is in contrast to the Greek markers in the archaeological material – will material style, in which the pottery was wheel- nevertheless contribute to the existing corpus turned and decorated with a lustrous paint. of theoretical and methodological work on At Timpone della Motta, the local indigenous this subject, as well as the question of how material style completely disappeared during we approach material which might point to the second quarter of the seventh century developments in ethnic and cultural identities. BC,9 while a reduced and adapted production of matt-painted pottery was maintained at Identifying markers of ethnicity Amendolara10 exceptionally in the region. In ‘Pots do not equal people’ has been a common both cases, the Greek material style became adage in archaeology for decades; in practice, dominant, and if we base our observations however, there is still a strong inclination and interpretations solely on the material style to see the adoption of material culture as of the archaeological remains, the indigenous reflecting an integration of cultural and ethnic cultures indeed seem to have been suppressed features. In the case of Timpone della Motta by the Greek culture. So, if ‘pots do not equal and Amendolara, it is generally agreed that people’, what do we do then? What is the the sites were important indigenous centres relationship between archaeological artefacts 6 See e.g. Antonaccio 2001; Antonaccio 2003; Anto- 9 Handberg & Jacobsen 2011, 180; Jacobsen & Hand- naccio 2005; Antonaccio 2010. berg 2010, 30. 7 See e.g. Horden & Purcell 2000; Purcell 2005. 10 Yntema 1990, 133. 8 See e.g. Malkin 2011. THE EMERGENCE AND MARKING OF ETHNIC IDENTITIES 9 and the people who once used them? How the emergence of ethnic identity – an ethnic can we identify specific groups of people in awareness, so to speak – in which these the archaeological record? cultural elements become ethnic markers. In Research on ethnicity in archaeology can situations of social tension, for instance in benefit from distinguishing between ethnic competition for land or ecological resources, and cultural identity, rather than using the it is even possible to emphasise or exaggerate terms synonymously as has often been the particular cultural elements so as to create practice.11 Separating the two allows us to more strongly defined boundaries, outwardly understand the finer nuances of cultural as well as internally. In this way, ethnic identity encounters, rather than merely assessing can gain an instrumental capacity and thus the extent of the impact of one culture on serve as a social strategy. It is important to another, a method that closely corresponds note that different ethnic groups can come to ascertaining the extent of “Hellenisation”. to share a cultural identity,