BØRDAHL & OLIVOVÁ Exploring the richness and complexity of one of the most important centres of traditional culture in China The Chinese city of Yangzhou has been of great cultural significance lifestyle and for many centuries, despite its destruction by invaders in the 17th and 19th centuries. It was a site of virtual pilgrimage for aspiring LIFESTYLE AND ENTERTAINMENT IN YANGZHOU LIFESTYLE AND ENTERTAINMENT members of the Chinese educated class during the Ming and Qing entertainment periods. Moreover, because it was one of the foremost commercial centres during the late imperial period, it was the place where the merchant and scholarly classes merged to set new standards of in yangzhou taste and to create a cultural milieu quite unlike that of other cities, even other major centres in the region. The luxurious elegance of its gardens and the eminence of its artistic traditions meant that Yangzhou set aesthetic standards for the entire realm for much of the late imperial age. Over the years, particular regional forms of art and entertainment arose here, too, some surviving into the present Edited by time. Yangzhou’s rich cultural tradition is celebrated in this volume Lucie Olivová and Vibeke Børdahl through a well-balanced spectrum of topics spanning the period from the late 17th century to modern times. These are grouped into four thematic parts: Yangzhou’s cultural heritage during historic downfalls and revivals; regional literature and book production; lo- cal theatre and storytelling; and various artists of the 18th-century Yangzhou School of Painting. This beautifully illustrated volume is the first to bring together the history, literature, and performing and visual arts of a great cul- tural centre that currently is being considered for listing as a Unesco world heritage site. Not only does it provide scholars with under- standing on a new level of nuanced insight. It makes the historical and symbolic complexity of this fascinating city comprehensible to non-specialists as well. www.niaspress.dk Lifestyle and Entertainment in Yangzhou LIFESTYLE AND ENTERTAINMENT IN YANGZHOU Edited by Lucie B. Olivová and Vibeke Børdahl Lifestyle and Entertainment in Yangzhou Edited by Lucie Olivová and Vibeke Børdahl NIAS Studies in Asian Topics Series, No. 44 First published in 2009 by NIAS Press NIAS – Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Leifsgade 33, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Online: http://www.niaspress.dk © NIAS – Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 2009 While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in NIAS Press, copyright in the individual chapters belongs to their authors. No chapter may be reproduced in whole or part without the express permission of author, publisher and editors. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Lifestyle and entertainment in Yangzhou. - (NIAS studies in Asian topics ; no. 44) 1. Arts - China - Yangzhou 2. Yangzhou (China) - Civilization I. Olivova, Lucie II. Bordahl, Vibeke 700.9'51222 ISBN 978-87-7694-035-5 The publication of this book was assisted by grants from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange, Taibei, the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Copenhagen, and the Norwegian Research Council, Oslo. Typesetting by Donald B. Wagner In Memory of Yi-li Kao 1974–2009 Contents Illustrations ix Preface xv Contributors xix Introduction Lucie B. Olivová and Vibeke Børdahl xxi Part I: City of Sights 1 Building History and the Preservation of Yangzhou Lucie B. Olivová 3 2 Gathering in a Ruined City: Metaphor, Practice and Recovery in Post-Taiping Yangzhou Tobie Meyer-Fong 37 3 The Fashionable City? Glimpses of Clothing Culture in Qing Yangzhou Antonia Finnane 62 4 The Culture of Yangzhou Residential Gardens Věna Hrdličková 75 5 A Traveler’s Tale of Two Cities: Yangzhou, Shanghai Malcolm McKinnon 87 Part II: Books and Literature 6 Yangzhou Printing and Book Culture in the Qing Period J. S. Edgren 109 7 Pleasures of a Man of Letters: Wang Shizhen in Yangzhou, 1660–1665 Li Hsiao-t’i 131 8 Early Qing Yangzhou in Shi Chengjin’s Vernacular Vignettes Roland Altenburger 149 9 Local Fiction of the Yangzhou Region: Qingfengzha Margaret B. Wan 177 vii viii Contents Part III: Performance and Entertainment 10 Yangzhou Local Theatre in the Second Half of the Qing Colin Mackerras 207 11 Kunqu in Yangzhou Then and Now Lindy Li Mark 225 12 Written Scripts in the Oral Tradition of Yangzhou Storytelling Vibeke Børdahl 245 13 The Traditional Style of Storyhouses in Yangzhou Fei Li 271 14 Life in the Green Lofts of the Lower Yangzi Region Stefan Kuzay 286 Part IV: The Yangzhou School of Painting 15 The Study of Forgeries of Paintings by the Yangzhou Eccentrics Zhuang Sue 317 16 Traveling to the Frontier: Hua Yan’s Camel in Snow Ginger Cheng-chi Hsü 347 17 The Landscape Albums of Huang Shen Yi-li Kao 376 18 Illustrious Icons and Flower Garlands: Defining Buddhist Imagery in Eighteenth-Century Yangzhou Painting Kristen E. Loring 402 References 441 Index 476 Illustrations FIGURES 1.1 Southern gate, Nanmen, state before (2005) and after the restoration (2007). 4 1.2 Yuansheng temple, with built-in apartments. Yangzhou historical city, Old Town. September 2007. 21 1.3 Tablets, old and new, fixed on protected historical monuments. 23 1.4 A stone slab on Wenhe Street, with Jiang Zemin’s inscription. 26 1.5 View of a Yangzhou lane, with the new pavement. September 2007. 27 2.1 Exterminating the Yue Bandits. Woodcut showing the Qing forces fighting the Taipings in 1854. 39 3.1 A lady being photographed. Illustration from Xinwen huabao, Guangxu reign. 65 4.1 The Wind Pavilion,Feng ting, in He Garden. 77 4.2 Rockery stuck onto the wall, with the Moon Pavilion, Tiebi shan yue ting, in He Garden. 80 4.3 The Pavilion in the Heart of the Pond, Shuixin ting, in He Garden. 81 4.4 A solitaire stone in He Garden. 83 4.5 Door opening in the shape of a crescent-moon, in He Garden. 84 5.1 Front page of a report to the British Parliament of an attack on British missionaries at Yangzhou in August 1868. 90 5.2 Metal trading area and the Grand Canal, at the eastern end of Taiping Road, Yangzhou. October 2005. 95 5.3 Ba Guai Memorial Hall: The main exhibition hall with lifesize clay figurines. 101 5.4 Min Zhen, Eight Children Playing. Yangzhou Museum. 103 6.1 Huaihai ji [Huaihai Collection], 1173. 110 6.2 Zhu Dongpo xiansheng shi [Mr Dongpo’s Poems with Annotation], 1213. 111 6.3 Daode jing [Classic of the Way and the Virtue] or Laozi, 1581. 114 6.4 Quan Tang shi [Complete Tang Poetry], 1707. 116 ix xIllustrations 6.5 Peiwen yunfu [Peiwen Phrase-dictionary Arranged According to Rhymes], 1711. 118 6.6 Libian [Dictionary of Clerical Script], 1718. 120 6.7 Yizhuan [Tang Commentary on the Yijing], 1756. 122 6.8 Yangzhou huafang lu [Pleasure Boats of Yangzhou], 1795. 123 6.9 Zhongding kuanzhi [Inscriptions on Bronze Vessels], 1802. 125 7.1 Luo Pin, A Joint Portrait of Wang Shizhen and Zhu Yizun. 1773. British Museum, London. 138 8.1 Idealized portrait of Shi Chengjin, from Chuan jia bao, 1739 edition. 150 8.2 Table of contents for Yuhua xiang, 1726 edition. 155 8.3 Map of the city of Yangzhou, based on Yangzhou fu zhi (1810), with indicated sites as mentioned in Yuhua xiang and Tongtian le stories. 164 9.1 The scoundrel, Pi Fengshan or Pi Wulaizi,Qingfengzha (1819). 180 9.2 The virtuous girl, Sun Xiaogu, Qingfengzha (1819). 181 9.3 A sample page from Qingfengzha (1819) with examples of Yangzhou dialect. 185 10.1 A scene from the traditional Yangzhou drama, Yangju, Zhenzhu ta [Pearl Pagoda]. October 2005. 220 10.2 Young members of the audience at the performance of Zhenzhu ta being shown a camera by a foreigner. October 2005. 223 11.1 The sceneShiseng [The Bully Priest] from theLiuye qupu collection. 239 11.2a–b An actor from the Nanjing Kunqu Troupe is painting his face for the performance of a comic role. Nanjing, 23 October 2005. 242 11.3 Nanjing Kunqu Troupe poses with participants of the ‘Workshop on Lifestyle and Entertainment in Yangzhou’. Nanjing, 23 October 2005. 244 12.1 Dai Buzhang (1925-2003) performs in Copenhagen 1996. 251 12.2 A page from the script of Western Han. 252 12.3 Fei Junliang (1891-1952). Yangzhou quyi zhi 1993. 258 12.4 A double page from the script of Three Kingdoms. 259 12.5 Fei Zhengliang (b. 1931) (artist name of Fei Li) performs the episode ‘Beheading Yan Liang’ from Three Kingdoms. Copenhagen 1996. 262 13.1 A street in the Jiaochang area of Yangzhou, 1997. 272 13.2 The stage of the Great Enlightenment Storytellers’ House, Daguangming shuchang, in the Jiaochang area, 1997. 274 13.3 Storytelling and tea in the Great Enlightenment Storytellers’ House, 1997. 275 13.4 Props of Yangzhou storytelling, 2000. 277 13.5 The audience in the Great Enlightenment Storytellers’ House, 1997. 280 Illustrations xi 13.6 Entrance to the Great Enlightenment Storytellers’ House from the main street, 1997. 284 14.1 Front page of Shiba mo [The Eighteen Ways of Massage]. 290 14.2 Frontpage of Da chahui [A Visit to the Teahouse]. 296 15.1 Li Shan, Five Pines. Undated. The Palace Museum, Beijing. 319 15.2 Li Shan, Five Pines. 1744. Chinese History Museum, Beijing. 320 15.3 Li Shan, Five Pines. 1747. Duoyun Xuan, Shanghai. 321 15.4 Li Shan, Five Pines. Album leaf, 1736. Collector unknown. 322 15.5 Li Shan, Five Pines. Undated. Tokyo National Museum. 323 15.6a Wang Shishen, Plum and Orchid.