Modelling phonologization Vowel reduction and epenthesis in Lunigiana dialects Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6111 Trans 10 3512 JK Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: © 2015 Francesca Strik Lievers. All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-94-6093-166-6 NUR 616 Copyright © 2015: Edoardo Cavirani. All rights reserved. Modelling phonologization Vowel reduction and epenthesis in Lunigiana dialects PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, prof.mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag 24 maart 2015 klokke 15:00 uur door Edoardo Cavirani Geboren te La Spezia, Italië in 1983 Modelling phonologization Vowel reduction and epenthesis in Lunigiana dialects TESI per il conseguimento del titolo di Dottore di Ricerca presso l’Università di Pisa, conferito dal Magnifico Rettore su proposta della Scuola di Dottorato in Discipline Umanistiche, Programma di Ricerca in Linguistica difesa martedí 24 marzo 2015 ore 15:00 da Edoardo Cavirani Nato a La Spezia, Italia nel 1983 Promotiecommissie Promotoren: Prof.dr. M. Van Oostendorp Prof.dr. G. Marotta Prof.dr. R. D’Alessandro Overige leden: Prof. dr. E. Carpitelli (Université Stendhal-Grenoble 3) Dr. S.R. Hamann (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Prof. dr. F.L.M.P. Hinskens (Meertens Instituut, KNAW; Vrije Universiteit) i Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................... i Acknowledgment ................................................................................................. iii 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Diatopy, diachrony and phonologization ................................................ 1 1.2 Intrusive and epenthetic vowels .............................................................. 6 PART I: DIALECTOLOGICAL OVERVIEW .................................................................. 9 2 The two dialects ........................................................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 11 2.2 Pontremolese ......................................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Consonant system .......................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Vowel system ................................................................................. 20 2.3 Carrarese ............................................................................................... 22 2.3.1 Consonant system .......................................................................... 22 2.3.2 Vowel system ................................................................................. 25 3 Diachronic background ................................................................................ 27 3.1 A wide shot of Western Romance diachronic phonology .................... 27 3.1.1 Some shared outcomes ................................................................... 27 3.1.2 Zooming into the vowel system diachrony .................................... 31 3.2 Vowel reduction and epenthesis in diachrony ...................................... 35 3.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 35 3.2.2 Syncope .......................................................................................... 38 3.2.3 Apocope ......................................................................................... 40 3.2.4 Epenthesis ...................................................................................... 43 PART II: PHONETICS .............................................................................................. 47 4 Fieldwork ..................................................................................................... 49 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 49 4.2 The questionnaire .................................................................................. 50 4.3 The speakers .......................................................................................... 55 4.4 The recording ........................................................................................ 55 5 Acoustic and statistical analyses .................................................................. 57 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 57 5.1.1 The acoustic analysis ..................................................................... 57 5.1.2 The normalization .......................................................................... 58 5.2 The reduced vowels .............................................................................. 60 5.2.1 Paroxitones ..................................................................................... 60 5.2.1.1 Carrarese .................................................................................. 61 5.2.1.2 Pontremolese ............................................................................ 65 5.2.2 Proparoxitones ............................................................................... 69 5.2.2.1 Carrarese .................................................................................. 69 5.2.2.2 Pontremolese ............................................................................ 76 ii 5.3 The intrusive/epenthetic vocoids .......................................................... 80 5.3.1 Carrarese ........................................................................................ 80 5.3.2 Pontremolese .................................................................................. 83 PART III: PHONOLOGY .......................................................................................... 91 6 The theoretical toolkit .................................................................................. 93 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 93 6.2 Constraints ............................................................................................ 94 6.2.1 Articulatory and sensorimotor constraints ..................................... 94 6.2.2 Cue constraints ............................................................................. 100 6.2.3 Structural constraints .................................................................... 103 6.2.4 Phonological Recoverability constraints ...................................... 105 6.3 Grammar architecture ......................................................................... 108 6.3.1 Levels of representation ............................................................... 114 6.3.1.1 Phonology .............................................................................. 114 6.3.1.1.1 Below the skeleton .......................................................... 114 6.3.1.1.2 Above the skeleton .......................................................... 117 6.3.1.1.3 Coloured Containment .................................................... 123 6.3.1.2 Phonetics ................................................................................ 125 7 Phonological analysis ................................................................................. 129 7.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 129 7.2 Vowel reduction .................................................................................. 135 7.3 Vowel intrusion ................................................................................... 153 7.4 Vowel epenthesis ................................................................................ 156 8 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 167 APPENDIX ........................................................................................................... 177 9 The questionnaire ....................................................................................... 179 10 The speakers ............................................................................................ 183 11 Tableaux .................................................................................................. 187 List of abbreviations .......................................................................................... 203 References .......................................................................................................... 205 Samenvatting ...................................................................................................... 219 Curriculum Vitae ............................................................................................... 225 iii Acknowledgments Speaking of which, also for ‘diachronic’ reasons, I should mention Alessandro Lenci first. It was thanks to his classes that I’ve been fascinated by the formalization of the linguistic knowledge a human needs to generate and understand language. A few years before meeting him, I was walked to the University of Pisa by Dostoevsky. Well, more prosaically, it was his novels, whose characters I was dreaming to hear the ‘real voice’ of. So I started studying Russian at the Faculty